-
What style period is Paul Whitman associated with?
- Swing
- His career pans between early jazz and swing
-
Where was Paul Whiteman based?
New York
-
Early big band experiements are associated with whom?
Paul Whiteman
-
How many players were in Paul Whiteman experiment with in his big band?
10-35
-
Paul whiteman had an eclectic style that straddled the line between_____.
classical and jazz
-
What is Rhapsody in Blue?
- a clarinet concerto written in a "jazzy" style
- Paul Whiteman commissioned Gershwin to write it.
-
Paul Whiteman hired various_____
outside arrangers
-
Paul Whitman focused on ____ and ____ and dubbed himself ____.
- PR and Commercial appeal
- "the King of Jazz"
-
Who dubbed himself "the king of jazz"?
Paul Whiteman
-
Fletcher Henderson has experience as____
a Tin Pan Alley pianist, and he arranged his own charts
-
What style period is Fletcher Henderson associated with?
Swing
-
Who was one of the first significant jazz arrangers?
Fletcher Henderson
-
Where was Fletcher Henderson active?
Harlem
-
What is fletcher henderson known for?
utilizing the best soloists
-
What soloists did fletcher henderson use?
- Saxes: Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter, Lester Young
- Trumpets: Louis Armstrong, Roy Eldridge, Rex Stewart
-
Who perfected techniques of block voicing?
Fletcher Henderson
-
the melody is the top voice of a series of chords, and each note in a chord is assigned to a different instrument or combination of instruments.
Block voicing
-
What does block voicing produce?
a thicker sound than if the line were not harmonized
-
Fletcher Henderson is associated with what instrument?
piano
-
Who made jazz music popular?
Paul Whiteman
-
What famous soloists did Paul Whiteman utilize?
- Frankie Trambauer (Tram)
- Bix Biederbeck (Bix)
-
Who was fletcher henderson highly influenced by?
Paul Whiteman
-
Who invented block voicing?
Fletcher Henderson
-
What musical instrument did Count Basie play, and who was he influenced by?
- originally a stride pianist
- Fats Waller
-
count basie is associated with what style period?
Swing
-
The Basie Band is know for ____
relaxed style and simplicity---AKA the "Kansas City Style"
-
Where did Count Basie's band develop?
Kansas City
-
Whose band did Basie take over?
Bennie Moten's band after Moten's death
-
led the first rhythm section in jazz history that consistently swung in a smooth, relaxed way
Count Basie
-
Who is Taxi War Dance by?
Count Basie Big Band
-
Count Basie arrangements:
riff/head arrangments were constructed by the band; not all composed arrangements
-
Who was the most creative and prolific composer-arranger in jazz hisotry
Duke Ellington
-
Who led the most stable and longest lived big band?
Duke Ellington
-
What instrument did duke ellington play?
stride piano background, following James P. Johnson
-
Who wrote more than 2000 compositions as well as many arrangments and rearrangements for them?
Duke Ellington
-
Duke Ellington had a highly experimental compositional style:
- advanced harmonies
- utilized the individualistic strengths of his band members as a way to structure compositions
-
What core musicians did Duke Ellington retain?
Johnny Hodges, Cootie Williams, Harry Carney, Billy Strayhorn,
-
What songs did Duke Ellington write?
- Harlem Airshaft
- Cottontail
-
Where was Duke Ellington from ?
Harlem
-
One of Ellington's greatest skills as an arranger was that of ....
capitalizing on the uniquely personal sounds of individual players
-
Where was Benny Goodman based?
Chicago
-
Who was Benny Goodman influenced by?
Austin High Gang---especially Frank Teschemacher
-
What instrument did Benny Goodman play?
Clarinet; and he was star soloist in his band
-
Who was named the "king of swing"?
Benny Goodman
-
What band was by far the most popular of all swing bands?
Benny Goodman's
-
Who were some notable alumni of Benny Goodman's band?
- Charlie Christian (guitar)
- Lionel Hampton (vibes)
-
Benny Goodman hired outside arrangers such as?
Fletcher Henderson
-
What did Benny Goodman's hiring of outside arrangers result in?
popularization and commercialization of black music
-
Who led first interacial group in jazz history (1936)?
Benny Goodman
-
Who was in Benny Goodman's interracial group?
- Benny Goodman
- Gene Krupa
- Teddy Wilson
-
How was an interracial jazz group possible?
only possible due to commercial success (avoided touring in Jim Crow South)
-
What happened 10 years before Jackie Robinson, and 20 before civil rights movement?
Benny Goodman led 1st interracial group in jazz history
-
influenced almost every jazz musician who played clarinet after him?
Benny Goodman
-
What music did Benny Goodman record?
"Seven Come Eleven"
-
What was the International Sweethearts of Rhythm?
a popular all-female band in the 1940s
-
What style period is the international sweethears of rhythm associated with?
Swing
-
Duke Ellington is associated with what style period?
swing
-
Benny Goodman is associated with what style period?
swing
-
How did the international sweethearts of rhythm begin?
as a school fundraising venture, later supported by a wealthy Virginian
-
This band featured members of mixed races--white, black, puerto rican, and asian.
The international sweethearts of rhythm
-
The international sweethearts of rhythm had what kind of leaders, arranger?
females
-
Where did the international sweethearts of rhythm tour?
nationally; unlike goodman, they toured the south (avoided jim crow laws by living in the bus)
-
At the height of civilian bandleading career, he voluntarily joined the military and convinced the army to place him "in charge of a modernized Army band."
Glenn Miller
-
Glenn Miller is associated with what style period?
swing
-
Stan Kenton is associated with what style period?
swing
-
associated with progressive jazz?
Stan Kenton
-
Changed big band jazz into an art-form (music not for dancing)
Stan Kenton
-
Wagner is to Opera as ____ is to Jazz
Stan Kenton
-
What is progressive jazz?
- big band arranging style
- thick voicings, heavy brass, harmonic and rhythmic complexity
-
Who else, besides Stan Kenton, changed big band jazz into an art-form?
- Ellington: Jazz suites, Carnegie Hall
- Goodman's commissions by classical composers (Copland, Bartok, Hindemith)
-
Who are the 3 jazz divas and what style period are they associated with?
- Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughn
- Swing
-
known as "Lady Day"
Billie Holiday
-
This jazz diva:
no improvisation (no scatting)
poor range
Billie Holiday
-
What is billie holiday remembered as?
an innovator for her ability to express emotion?
-
Billie holiday was a jazz singer. Her rpertoire includes?
- mostly popular and show tunes
- borrowing from jazz horn players, not previous blues singers
-
What bands did billie holiday sing in?
Basie, Goodman, small group with Lester Young
-
This Jazz Diva had:
wide range
highly technical ability
Ella Fitzgerald
-
The first major soloist primarily as a scat singer
Ella Fitzgerald
-
had massive success outside of jazz-as a popular tune singer?
Ella Fitzgerald
-
What band did Ella Fitzgerald front?
Chick Webb Band
-
This Jazz diva:
low range
primarily a singer, rarely a scat soloist
Sarah Vaughn
-
Sarah Vaughn's career begins in mid 1940s with---
pianist Earl Hines' band (alonside male vocalist Billy Eckstine)
-
Sarah Vaughn is primarily known for her ability to?
alter pitch, tone, and rhythms while singing melodies
-
Coleman Hawkins is associated with what style period?
swing
-
What instrument did Coleman hawkins play?
tenor sax; henderson band; smallgroup
-
this man is generally considered to be the first important jazz tenor saxophonist
Coleman Hawkins
-
Lester Young is associated with what style period?
swing
-
What instrument did lester young play?
tenor sax
-
Basie's most notable soloist during the 1930s and 40s was?
lester young
-
"father of the tenor sax"
coleman hawkins
-
after him tenor sax was part of jazz band
coleman hawkins
-
What music did coleman hawkins record?
- Body and soul
- -focused on improv from beginning to end
-
In "Body and Soul," 1st time in jazz history, where ___
tune is never really given, focused on improv
-
Lester young recorded what music?
taxi war dance
-
How do lester young and coleman hawkins sounds differ?
- Young offered a clear alternative to the heavy tone, fast vibrato, and complicated style of Hawkins.
- Young: light and simplified
- Hawkins: lots of arpeggios and heavy vibrato
-
This tenor saxophonist had a small group with Billie Holiday?
Lester Young
-
Art Tatum is associated with what style period?
swing
-
considered the greatest stride pianist
Art Tatum
-
Errol Garner is associated with what style period?
swing
-
What instrument is errol garner associated with?
small group pianist
-
Who did Art Tatum influence?
Bud Powell and Lennie Tristano
-
mary lou williams is associated with what style period?
swing
-
mary lou williams playes what instrument?
piano (various styles)/arranger
-
the first virtuoso on the vibes
lionel hampton
-
lionel hampton is associated with what style period?
swing
-
Lionel hampton played what instrument?
vibes
-
Charlie Christian is associated with what style period?
swing
-
What instrument did Charlie Christian play?
guitar
-
single string soloing technique, later electric
charlie christian
-
Who did Charlie Christian influence?
Wes Montgomery
-
whose band was christian in?
- benny goodman's band
- 2nd black member
-
Django Reinhardt and Stephane Grappelli are associated with what style period?
swing
-
Django Reinhardt played what instrument?
guitar
-
stephane grappelli played what instrument?
violin
-
After reinhardt lost 2 of his fingers how did he adapt?
he plaed solo single-string
-
What band did django reinhardt and stephane grappelli have?
quintette du hot club de france (violin, bass, 3 guitars)
-
What is the primary function of Big Bands?
music for dancing
-
Jazz groups grew larger during the 1920s adding more horns until bands were grouped into 3 main sections:
saxophones, brass, and rhythm
-
Horn sections contain:
2 or more horns
-
By the mid-late 1940s, the most big bands had relatively standardized horn sections:
5,4,4 (saxes, trumpets, trombones)
-
What did the standard horn section consist of?
- Saxophones: AKA the 'reed section' or woodwind section'. 2 altos, 2 tenors, 1 bari
- Trumpets: 4-5
- Trombones (bones): 4-5
-
What did the swing era rhythm section consist of?
piano, guitar, string bass, drums
-
With more musicians in a band, most bands began to rely on?
written arrangements
-
Using arrangements, bands could have?
EX?
- more complex musical ideas.
- Ex. a melody harmonized by the whole band
-
Because of arrangements, musicians now need to be able to?
read music
-
Despite arrangements, what is the primary features/draws in a big band?
improvised solos
-
Arrangement example?
- during the swing era, jazz arranging becomes an art in its own right.
- sometimes called "charts"
-
List 5 big band leaders
- paul whiteman
- fletcher henderson
- count basie
- duke ellington
- benny goodman
-
Where does the name "swing" come from?
the rhythmic swing pattern, used by all significant jazz musicians/bands by the late 1920s
-
_____ is replaced by focusing on a soloist against the backdrop of a large band
collective improvisation
-
Solo improv innovated by _____.
louis armstrong
-
b/w 1930-1950 this was the most popular style of music in the us.
swing
-
The swing era is AKA _____.
the big band era
-
The swing era was primarily developed ___.
in harlem druing the Harlem Renaissance
-
Name 3 Swing era trumpet soloists
- Roy Eldridge (Henderson)
- Cootie Williams (Ellington)
- Rex Stewart (various)
-
List 4 swing era sax soloists
- Coleman Hawkins (tenor)
- Lester Young (tenor)
- Johnny Hodges (alto)
- Benny Carter (alto)
-
List 2 swing era trombone soloists
- Jack Teagarden (whiteman, bandleader)
- Tommy Dorsey (Dorsey Bros Band)
-
What did the Basie rhythm section establish?
hard-grooving style and crisp group sound becomes the model for the hard-swinging rhythm section.
-
Who was part of the Basie Rhythm Section?
- Walter Page-Walking Bass
- Jo Jones-solidifies the ride pattern, omits the bass drum
- Freddie Green-jazz rhythm guitar
-
What did Artie Shaw play?
clarinet
-
Artie shaw followed in the footsteps of?
Benny Goodman
-
1st black jazz band to perform in Carnegie hall?
Duke Ellington Band
-
1st Jazz band to play in Carnegie Hall?
Benny Goodman Band
-
Ellingtons 1st jazz suite?
- black, brown, and beige
- 1st long, extended piece of music written for jazz
-
Why did the Swing era decline?
WWII and 1942-44 Musician's strike
-
How did WWII affect the swing era?
- nightclub and cabaret tax
- rationing of resources (rubber, gas, metals)
- drafting of musicians/bandleaders
-
Why do the musician's strike?
American Federation of Musicians strike against recording industry over royalties to composers.
-
What doesn't the musician strike affect?
live, concert, and radio performances
-
What is the time period for Swing?
1930-1950
-
What is the time period for Bebop?
1945-1950
-
What style period is Charlie Parker associated with?
bebop
-
What style period is Dizze Gillespie associated with?
bebop
-
What style period is Thelonious Monk associated with?
Bebop
-
What style period is Max Roach associated with?
Bebop
-
What Style period is kenny clarke associated with?
bebop
-
Unlike Swing, bebop formed as an ___
underground movement
-
Where was bebop formed and by whom?
formed in jam sessions, by young jazz musicians tired of playing commercial dance music
-
What is bebop intended for?
listening, not dancing
-
_____ were among the first jazz musicians to view themselves as artists rather than entertainers.
bebop musicians
-
Musical characteristics of bebop?
- fast tempos
- use of extended harmony
- use of substitute chords
- focus on improv, little emphasis on arrangement
-
In bebop, what doe melodies (or heads) act as?
an introduction/conclusion to a song, and the improvised solos make up the bulk of music
-
Bebop developed in late-night jazz jam sessions in ____.
bars and clubs, not dance halls
-
_____ was the prominent jam session in the late 1930s -early 1940s for talented soloists.
Minton's Playhouse
-
What did Minton's playhouse act as?
a laboratory for developing an experimental type of small group jazz, later named bebop.
-
Who were the leading bebop musicians?
- Charlie Parker (alto sax)
- Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet)
- Thelonious Monk (piano
- Kenny Clarke, Max Roach (drums)
- Oscar Pettiford, Ray Brown (bass)
-
What instrument did Charlie Parker play?
alto sax
-
What instrument did Dizzy Gillespie play?
trumpet
-
What instrument did Thelonious Monk play?
piano
-
What instrument did Kenny Clarke play?
drums
-
What instrument did Max Roach play?
drums
-
What is Charlie Parker's nickname and where is he from?
-
What is kansas city home to?
the bluesy, riff-style jazz bands
-
What did Charlie Parker develop?
a distincitive soloistic style, using complex melodic, harmonic, and rhythm
-
Who was Charlie Parker heavily influenced by?
Lester Young
-
Who was charlie parker's mentor?
Miles Davis
-
Who was Dizzy Gellespie influenced by?
swing era soloist Roy Eldridge
-
What did Dizzy Gillespie develop?
a complex solo style while working in Cab Calloway's big band.
-
Who did Dizzy Gillespie act as a mentor to?
younger players of all instruments, skilled in teaching the new musical vocabulary
-
Besides bebop, what was Dizzy Gillespie instrumental in developing?
Afro-Cuban Jazz
-
What is Afro-Cuban Jazz?
Jazz improv combined with traditional Afro-Cuban rhythms
-
Where was Thelonious Monk raised, who was he influenced by?
-
What did thelonious Monk develop?
a new harmonic language for jazz pianists
-
Where did Thelonious monk play?
in the house band at Minton's
-
What happened to many of Thelonious Monk's innovative compositions?
they became jazz standards (beyoung the 40s and 50s)
-
What is Monk's piano style?
known for dissonant harmonies, angular, melodies, and unusual rhythms
-
What did Dizzy Gillespie incorporate into bebop big bands?
afro-cuban elements
-
Who is Woody Herman?
Swing bandleader who transformed style with the advent of bebop
-
What did Woody Herman write?
four brothers
-
Why was a new type of drumming required in the bebop era?
because of the new soloistic styles developed by Parker/Gillespie
-
Following in the style of Jo Jones from the Count Basie Band, drummers kept time ____
only on the cymbals
-
What was the snare/bass drum used?
primarily to accent phrases with the soloist
-
Who were the primary innovators of the bebop drumming?
Kenny Clarke and Max Roach
-
What is Kenny Clarke credited with?
inventing the modern swing pattern; while maintaining a swing groove, developing total limb independence to comp a soloist
-
___ continued Clarke's style
Max Roach
-
What did Max Roach develop?
the drum as a soloistic instrument, taking longer drum solos
-
The first major jazz pianist to break away from the stride style?
Bud Powell
-
The first significan bass soloist?
Oscar Pettiford
-
What did Oscar Pettiford develop?
solos in the same manner of bebop horn players Parker and Gillespie
-
Who were the Bebop Bassists?
- Oscar Pettiford
- Charles Mingus
- Ray Brown
-
Bebop bassists continued with the walking bass, while incorporating ____.
the new, more complex harmonies in their bass lines
-
What song was composed by Thelonious Monk?
Misterioso
-
What song was recorded by Dizzy Gillespie?
Things to Come
-
What song was recorded by Charlie Parker?
Just Friends
-
What is Dropping Bombs?
When the drummer uses the kick drum to fill in the spaces for a soloist
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