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Lung Tissue Proper
- Divided into 5 lobes:
- -Right Lung: 3 lobes
- -Upper, middle, lower
- -Left Lung: 2 lobes
- -Upper and lower
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Skeletal framework for Respiration
- Vertebral Column
- Rib Cage
- Shoulder Girdle
- Pelvic Girdle
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Elastic Cartilage
- Yellowish coloring
- High % elastic fibers
- Rubbery-like
- Flexible Tissue
- Found in ear, eppiglottis, and auditory canal
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Function of vertebral column
- protect spinal cord
- support torso
- muscle attachment point
- joints for inter-vertebral motion
- absorbs shock from walking/sitting/running
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Foramen
allows nerve and vascualr passage
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Articulatory Facets
form gliding joints tetween vertebrae
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Lamina
Curved Bone in Vertebrae
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Pedicle
Attachment to body
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Diarthroidial
Allos great freedom of motion
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Cervical Vertebrae
- Small transverse processes
- Small corpus relative to other vertebrae
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Atlas
Supports weight of the skull
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Odontoid process
prevents injury to upper spinal cord by limiting pivoting
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Lumbar Vertebrae
- Massive corpus
- No articulatory facets on transverse process and spinous process, since there are no ribs attached
- Spinous process directed horizontally
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Manubrium
Facet for collar bone and first rib
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Corpus of sternum
facets for remaining ribs
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Xiphoid Process
Forms synovial joints with ribs
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Costo-sternal Joints
- Synovial
- Includes an array of ligaments to help attach ribs
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Ribs
- 12 pairs
- Fall in inferior oblique orientation
- Ribs 1-10 Interface w. sternum via costal cartilage
- 11&12 are floaters- No sternal attachement
- Attached to sternum via costo-sternal joint
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Amphiarthrodial
Limited range of motion
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Costo-central articulation
Gliding joint created between body of vertebrae and head of rib.
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Costo-transverse Articulation
Gliding joint vreated between transverse process of vertebrae and shaft of rib
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What changes the vertical dimension of the ribs?
Flattening of the dome shaped diaphragm
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Bucket Handle Rib-Rotation
- Mediolateral lifting due to rotation of rib along the dorso-ventral axis
- -Area increases in mediolateral dimension due to raising of ribs
- -Provides greater available volume for respiration
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Pump Handle Rib-Rotation
- Anterior end of ribs and sternum are elevated and move anteriorly with rotation axis about the head of the rib.
- -Less effective change in overall lung volume
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What is the Pelvic Girdle Composed of?
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Sternocleidomastoid
- Origin-Manubrium and clavicle
- Insertion-Mastoid process
- Action- elevate sternum and clavicle, lifting the upper ribs
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Scalenes
With the head stable, thesee elevate the 1st and 2nd ribs
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Pectoralis Major
- Origin- Medial half of the clavicle, sternum length
- Insertion- humerus
- Action- elevate sternum and ribs if the arm is stable, increase transverse (cross-section) dimension of rib cage.
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Pectoralis Minor
- Deep to Pect. Major
- Origin- Anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5
- Insertion-coracoid process of scapula
- Action-depress shoulder and elevate ribs 3-5
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Subclavius
- Origin- undersurface of clavicle
- Insertion- Junction of rib 1 to sternum
- Action- fixing clavicle will allow subclavius to elevate rib 1
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Serratus Anterior
- Origin- external surfaces of upper 9 rib laterally
- Insertion- Wraps around RC, inserts over the entire length of the deep surface of the scapula
- Action- elevation of lower 9 ribs, if scapula is fixated.
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Trapezius
- Superficial, thick, broad, trapezoid-shaped muscle of upper back
- Origin-Cranial base, spinous process of cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae
- Insertion- scapular spine
- Action- Stabalize shoulder and indirectly the rib cage
- -"shrug" shoulders
- -Helps control head movement
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Any respiratory function by these three muscles will depend on fixation of the shoulder and neck first.
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Diaphragm
- Large circumpennate muscle, divides thoracic from abdominal cavity
- -Dome shaped
- -Penetrated by esophogus, aorta, and inferior vena cava
- Origin- lower perimeter of ribs (7-11), xiphoid process of sternum
- Insertion- Central Tendon
- Action-Flattens, drive central tendon inferiorly, inhalation.
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General Action of the Diaphragm
- Increase the volume of thorax and thus create inward airflows and negative pressure changes.
- -Inspiration action
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External Intercostal
- Superior attachement is nearer the vertebral end than the inferior attachment.
- Origin-Superficial inferior margin of ribs 1-11
- Insertion-Superficial superior margin of rib below
- Action- raise the ribs
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Internal Intercostals Interchondrial (III)
- Lie deep to externals
- Origin-deep inferior margin of ribs 1-11 within the region of the costal cartilages
- Insertion-deep superior msrgin of rib below
- Action-Muscle exerts upward pull to raise the ribs
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Levator Costarum
Slight elevation of posterior rib cage
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Serratus Posterior Superior
- Origin- Spinous process
- Action- Elevate ribs 2-5
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Transversus Thoracis
- Thin muscle located on the deep surface of the anterior thoracic wall.
- Origin- Deep surface of sternum
- Action- Lowering of costal cartilages 2-6
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Serratus Posterior Inferior
- Attaches to inferior borders of the lowest four ribs just beyond their angles.
- Action- rib lowering to help expiration
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Internal Intercostal Interosseous
- Deep to external intercostals
- Origion- Inferior margin of ribs 1-11
- Action- depress and lower ribs 1-11
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Quadratus Lumborum
- Veritcally oriented muscle in deep dorsal lumbar area between 12th rib and iliac crest of pelvis
- Action- Downward pull on 12th rib (exhalation) or more likely postural control or lower thorax and assisting in abdominal compression activities.
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Latissimus Dorsi
- Powerful broad muscle of lower back
- Insertion-humerus
- Action-If arm is stabilized, selective elevation of lower ribs. If lats contract as a complete unit, they compress posterior abdominal wall assisting espiration
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Transverse Abdominal
- Deepest and thinnest of 3 lateral AB muscles, with fibers woursing around the lateral sides of the abdomen
- -Antagonist to diaphragm. Compress abdominal contents and sides inward
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Internal Abdominal Oblique
Bilateral activation lowers ribs, compresses abd, rotates and flexes trunk
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External Abdominal Oblique
- Thickest of 3 muscles of the lateral abdominal wall and most superficial
- Lowers ribs and antagonistic to diaphragm. Also compresses front and sides or abdom inward.
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Rectus Abdominis
- Origin- Pubic Bone
- Depress rib cage and flexion of torso. Can also force abdom wall inward
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Primary mucle for inhalation
Diaphragm
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Respiratory muscles most active during speech
- Inspiration:
- Diaphragm, External Intercostals, Internal Intercostals'
- Expiration:
- III, Rectus Abdominis, Transverse External and Internal Obliques
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What does the chesty wall consist of
- rib cage wall
- diaphragm
- abdominal wall
- contents of abdomen
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How are pulmonary apparatus subdivisions described?
- as lung volumes and capacities.
- Liters, ml, or cc (cubic cm)
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What do lung capacities do?
- express the functional state of the system
- -may include 2 or more lung volumes
- -"functional combinations" of lung volumes
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The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during any single inspiratory/expiratory cycle
Tidal Volume
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TV of an adult male at rest (watching tv)
~700 cc
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TV with light work (pacing the floor because UL is winning)
~1500 cc
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TV with heavy work (cheering and jumping because UK came back to beat UL)
~2000 cc
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What does TV stand for?
Tidal Volume
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What does MV stand for
Minute Volume
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What is the MV per minute for an adult?
6-9 liters
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What is the TV events per minute for an adult
500-700 air cycle
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Quantity of air which can be inhaled beyond that already inhaled in a tidal volume cycle
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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Quantity of air which can be exhaled after a quiet of passive exalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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Quantity of air that remains in the lungs and airways after a maximum exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
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Quantity of air that the lungs are capable of holding at the height of a maximum inhalation
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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Quantity of air tat can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible
Vital Capacity (VC)
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maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from resting expiratory level
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
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quantity of air in the lungs and airway at the resting expiratory level
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
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What does Natural Resting State mean, when referring to the lungs?
- Lung tissues have a natural tendancy to collapse and shrink
- Thoratic Tissues have a natural tendancy to expand and become larger
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Lungs and thorax tissues exert a...
recoil force that is opposite in sign (direction) from each other
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Resting position for the Chest Wall-Lungs is:
the point at which the force of the lungs to shrink is opposed and balanced equally by the force of the rib cage to expand.
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What keeps the lungs stuck to the ribs?
Pleaural Linkage
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What is plueral linkage?
Fluid Linkage
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What are the three essential components to keeping the lungs stuck to the rib cage?
- Pleural Linings
- Intra-pleural space
- Intra-pleural Fluid
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Pressure within the intrepleural space is (negative/positive) due to opposite recoil tendancies of the tissues
negative
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Why is pressure within the intra-pleural place negative?
- Lung tissue shrinks
- Rib cage expands
- One tissue is trying to pull away from another which creates suction (neg. pressure)
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Change in lung volumes will produce changes in...
pressures
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what is the fuel driving our speech?
pressures
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What does "Brownian Motion" say?
Air molecules tend to bounce around at random
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P=
- F/A
- F= applied force
- A=Area
- P=Pressure
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How are pressure, Applied force, and area related?
- Pressure is directly proportional to applied force
- Pressure is inversely related to Area
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how do we describe air pressure int he vocal tract?
how far the lung pressures can displace a column of water or of Hg
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What is speech air pressure measured in?
cmH2O or mmHG
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Does pressure move objects?
No. Changes in pressure do.
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What is Boyle's Law?
Equation that explians the relationship between pressure and volume.
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What is the equation of Boyle's Law?
- P*V=K
- p is pressure
- v is volume
- k is a constant
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Pressure and Volume are...
Inversely proportional
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What creates air flow?
Pressures differences
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What is directly related to those eleastic, rebound, and recoil forces that tissues naturally have
Passive forces
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What are the three types of pressures?
- Alveolar
- Subglottal
- Intraoral
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What are the three types of airflow?
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What are positive pressures associated with?
exhalation events
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What are negative pressures associated with?
Inhalation events
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What are active forces?
Muscle contraction
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What are passive forces?
- Natural Recoil
- -muscle
- -cartilage
- -ligaments
- -lung tissue
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Passive forces in the pulmonary apparatus
+
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Active forces in the pulmonary apparatus
0
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Passive forces in the chest wall
+/-
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active forces in the chest wall
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passive forces in the rib cage wall
+/-
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Active forces in the rib cage wall
+/-
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Passive forces in the diaphragm
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active forces in the diaphragm
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passive forces in the abdominal wall
+/-
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active forces in the abdominal wall
+
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What does the shape of the chest wall tell us?
something about the mechanical advantages provided for different behaviors
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Passively related pressures
Relaxation Pressures
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Relaxation pressures are air pressures generated from
passive recoil and/or passive rebound forces of respiratory system tissues
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When does the resting state of the lung-rib system settle?
35-38% of Vital Capacity
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At rest, pressure produced is...
0
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If you begin at lung volumes above 35-38% VC...
exhale is passive
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If you begin at lung volumes below 35-38%...
inhale is passive
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Lung volume is decreased due to...
passive elastic recoil forces generated by the rib cage recoil and relaxation of inspiratory muscles
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Lung pressure increases to (less than/greater than) atmospheic prssure during quiet exhalation
greater than
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air continues to exit the respiratory system as long as
Palv>Patm
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Non-speech
Forced Respiration
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What 3 things do you need for speech production?
- Power supply: lungs
- Sound source: vocal folds
- Valves/chambers: articulators and cavities
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Air has a tendancy to move from regions of (low/high) pressure to regions of (low/high) pressure
high, low
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Wat produces the kinetic energy to drive airflow into and out of the respiratory system?
Differences in regional pressures
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What is the location of air intake in quiet breathing?
Nose
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What is the location of air intake in speech breathing?
Mouth
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What is the ratio of time for inhalation vs exhalation for quiet breathing?
- inhale=40%
- exhale=60%
- 2 sec duration
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What is the ratio of time for inhalation vs exhalation for speech breathing?
- inhale=10%
- Exhale=90%
- (20 sec duration)
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What is the volume of air for quiet breathing?
500-700 cc
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What it the volume of air for speech breathing?
Variable, depending on utterance length and loudness
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What is the muscle activity of exhalation for quiet breathing
Passive- muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax
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What is the muscle activity of exhalation for speech breathing?
Actice- Both thoracic and abdominal mucsle contract to control recoil of rib cage and diaphragm
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%VC for life breathing
10
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%VC for speech breathing
20
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%VC for loud speech breathing
40
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What influences volume of air needed
Loudness of speech
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%VC for normal conversational speech
38&60% VC
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%VC for loud speech initiated at high lung volumes
60-80% VC
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%VC for soft speech initiated between
38&40% VC
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Respiratory muscles active during Inspiration
- Diaphragm
- External Intercostals
- Internal Intercostals Interchodrial
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Respiratory muscles active during Expiration
- Internal Intercostals Interosseous
- Rectus Abdominis
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Internal Intercostals Interosseous
primary muscle generating pulse-like variations in expiratory effort to alter lung pressure during speech
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Rectus Abdominis
antagonistic to diaphragm, active during loud speech and vocalization
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Match Passive/Active and Muscular/Nonmuscular
- Active- Muscular
- Passive- Non muscular
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Broad, fan-shaped muscle positioned on the upper front wall of the rib cage
Pectoralis Major
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relatively large, thin muscle.
Origin: elevates ribs 2-5
Insertion: front of scapula
Pectoralis Minor
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Origin- undersurface of clavicle
Attaches at junction of first rib and its cartilage
subclavius
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Large muscle on the side of the rib cage wall
Origin- upper eight ribs
Insertion- Front of scapula
serratus anterior
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11 muscles that fill outer portions of the rib interspaces. Thin layer of muscle running adjacent to ribs. Links ribs to one another.
External Intercostals
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11 muscles that lie in inner portions of rib interspaces.
Internal Intercostals
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Fan-shaped structure located on the inside, front wall of the rib cage
Origin- midline on the inner surfaceof sternum
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