-
Staphylococcus
- Gram +
- Cocci
- Clusters, pairs
- Facultative Aerobe
- Catalase +
- Halotolerant
- On skin
- Some species pathogenic
- Characterized by color and hemolysis
-
Micrococcus
- Gram +
- Cocci
- Clusters (tetrads, look like grapes)
- Catalase +
- Strict aerobe
- Non-pathogenic
-
Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus
- Gram +
- Cocci
- Ferments peptones not sugar
- Obligate anaerobe
- Normal in intestinal/vaginal flora
- Pepto translates to chains
-
Streptococcus
- Gram +
- Cocci
- Chains
- Catalase -
- Aerotolerant
- Ferments lactic acid
- 2 Groups: alpha or ß lysis
- Also separated by immunological groups (A-O)
- Can be encapsulated
- Causes Scarlet Fever, FEDs, bacteria pneumonia
-
Bacillus
- Gram +
- Rod
- Endospore forming
- Aerobic or facultative aerobic
- Capsulated
- Found in soil
- Source of bacitracin and other antibiotics
- Source of anthrax
-
Clostridium
- Gram +
- Rod
- Endospore forming
- Found in anoxic soil and intestines
- Grouped by formenting products
- Produces most potentent toxin (Botulism), tetnus, gangrene
- Some resistant to purell
-
Lactobacillus
- Gram +
- Rod
- Produces lactic acid
- Does not form spores
- Acidophile
-
Listeria
- Gram +
- Rod
- Short chains, non spore forming
- Psychrotolerant - refrigeration doesn't slow growth
- Increased risk of spontaneous abortion
-
Mycobacterium
- Gram+
- Rod
- Unique cell wall allows them to be stained with mycolic acid (pink/red)
- Causes TB, leprosy
-
Mycoplasma
- Gram +
- Rod
- Too small to be seen with light microscope
- Small genome
- No cell wall
- Causes walking pneumonia
-
Corynbacterium
- Gram +
- Rod
- Aerobic
- Non-motile
- Club/V-shaped
- Causes Diptheriae
-
Propionibacterium
- Gram +
- Rod
- Anaerobic
- Ferment lactic acid to produce proprionic acid and CO2Used in swiss cheese, causes acne
-
Eubacterium
- Gram+
- Rod
- Obligate anaerobe
- Major normal flora of intestines
- Opportunistic pathogen
-
Actinomyces
- Gram +
- Rod
- Mainly in soil
- Forms branching filaments (almost like fungus)
- Do not form spores
- Causes Madura foot
-
Streptomyces
- Gram +
- Rod
- Mainly in soil
- 500+ species
- Form branching filaments
- Forms true spores (fungus like)
- Causes Madura foot
- Produces many antibiotics
-
Pseudomonas
- Gram -
- Rod (straight or slightly curved)
- Polar flagella
- No gas production from glucose
- Acid from glucose in oxygen
- Oxidase +
- Common in hottubs (resistant to Cl)
-
Legionella
- Gram -
- Rod
- Polar flagella
- Obligate aerobe
- Does not ferment surgars
- Transmitted through dropletts
- Causes pneumonia (Legionnaire's disease)
-
Neisseria
- Gram -
- Cocci in pairs
- Non-motil (no flagella)
- Virulent strains have pili
- Causes gonorrhea, mengioccocal meningitis
-
Brucella
- Gram -
- Small Rod
- Non-motile
- Each species has preferred host
- Causes abortions in cattle
-
Bordetella
- Gram -
- Small Coccobacillus
- Some flagellated
- Obligate aerobe
- B. pertussis - whooping cought
- B. bronchiseptica - kennel cough
- Vaccine but not lifetime
-
Francisella
- Gram -
- Small coccobacillus
- Obligate aerobe
- Causes tularemia (rabbit fever)
-
Enteric Bacteria
- Gram -
- Straight rods
- Facultative aerobes
- Fermentation of glucose
- Catalase +
- Oxidase -
-
Escherichia coli
- Gram -
- Straight rod
- Peritrichous flagella
- Indole + (add tryptophan, observe if indole forms)
- Gas from glucose
- Acid from lactose
- Normal in intestinal flora
- Pathogenic strains are capsulated, found in contaminated water and beef
-
Shingella
- Gram -
- Straight rods
- Non-motile
- No gas from glucose, no acid from lactose
- Causes shingellosis or bacillary dysentery (sever diarrhea)
- Associated with poor sanitation
-
Salmonella
- Gram -
- Rod
- Motile
- Produces H2S (Reduction of Sulfur)
- Salmonella enteritidis found in GI tract of birds, rodents and reptiles - causes of salmonellosis gasatroenteritis
-
Klebsiella
- Gram -
- Rod
- Non-motile
- Urease + (breakdown of Urea to ammonia)
- Found in soil
- pneumoniae forms capsule and can cause penumonia (50% fatal), UTI, and infant diarrheas
-
Enterobacter aerogenes
- Gram -
- Rod
- Yellow pigment
- Butanediol fermentation (Vogues-Proskauer test +)
- Motile
- Found in water and sewage
-
Serratia
- Gram -
- Rod
- Motile
- Red pigment
- DNase +
- Gelatinase +
- Opportunistic infection
-
Proteus
- Gram -
- Rod
- Highly motile with pertrichous flagella
- Urease +
- Swarming
- Causes UTIs
-
Yersinia
- Gram -
- Short thick rod with bipolar staining
- Motile at RT, Non-Motil at 37ºC
- Urease+
- Cause of the bubonic plague
- Prevalent in rodents
- Humans are accidental hosts
-
Vibrio
- Gram -
- Comma (curved rod)
- Oxidase +
- Fermentative
- Polar or pertitrichous flagella
- Aquatic
- Causes cholera
- Bioluminescent in oxygen
-
Haemophilus
- Gram -
- Short rod
- Non-motile
- May form capsule
- Needs blood proteins to grow
- Causes chancroid, flu like symptoms
-
Gardnerella
- Gram -/+?
- Tiny rod
- Normal in females
- Can be the side effect of antibiotic treatment
-
Bacteroides
- Gram -
- Short rod
- Obligate anaerobe
- Non-sporulating
- Symbiotic relationship in intestine, breaks down sugars
- Opportunistic infection
-
Spirilla
- Gram -
- Spiral shaped
- Motile
- Single or multiple polar flagella
-
Campylobacter
- Gram -
- Spiral
- Microaerophilic (3-15% O2)
- Optimum growth at 42ºC
- 2nd leading cause of foodborn illness (after salmonella)
- Severe diarrhea
-
Helicobacter
- Gram -
- Closely related to campylobacter
- Microaerophile
- Knobs on end of flagella (pathogenic)
- Cause of stomach ulcers and potentially stomach cancer
- Survives acidic conditions of the stomach using Urease
-
Spirochetes
- Gram -
- Motile
- Tightly coiled
- Found in aquatic environments
- Endo-flagella - flagella inside the lining of the cell
-
Treponema
- Gram -
- Spirochete
- Anaerobic
- Very thin - difficult to see with light microscope
- Treponema palladium causes syphilis
-
Borrelia
- Gram -
- Spirochete
- Microaerophilic
- Large spirals easy to see
- Causes relapsing fever carried by lice and ticks and lyme disease
-
Leptospira
- Gram -
- Spirochete
- Aerobic
- Thin, finely coiled, bent at end
- Causes leptospirosis (zoonotic), from contaminated urine
-
Rickettsias
- Gram -
- Obligate intracellular
- Carried by arthopod vectors
- Highly infectious
- Causes Rickettsial diseases - Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus(NOT typhoid fever), cat scratch fever, trench fever, erlichiosis, Q fever
-
Chlamydia
- Gram - (but too small to be stained)
- Intracellular
- Extremely small
- No arthopod vectors
- Airborn
- Causes trachoma, non-gonococcal urethritis, psittacosis (bird disease, zoonotic), respiratory syndromes, and most common STD and leading preventable blindness
-
Thermotoga
- Gram -
- Rod with a 'toga'
- Optimum growth at 80ºC
- Anaerobic
- Fermentative and anaerobic respiration using Fe3+
-
Tabacoo Mosaic Virus (TMV)
- ssRNA
- + sense
- Rod shaped virion with helical symmetry
- Only encodes 4 proteins
-
Rhinovirus
- ssRNA
- + sense
- Small, naked, polyhedral
- Causes common cold
- Cannot survive in stomach
-
Polio
- ssRNA
- + sense
- Small, naked, polyhedral
- Resistant to many chemical at low pH (digestive tract)
- Invades blood, lymph, and nervous systems
-
Hepatitus A
- ssRNA
- + sense
- Small, naked, polyhedral
- Spread through contaminated food and water
- Body can create an immunity
-
Norwalk virus (Norovirus)
- ssRNA
- + sense
- Small
- Naked
- Common on cruise ships
- Fecal or person to person contamination
-
Togavirus
- ssRNA
- + sense
- Small
- Enveloped (hence toga)
- Synthesized in cytoplasm and buds
- Causes rubella (German measles)
-
Flavivirus
- ssRNA
- + sense
- Enveloped
- Transmitted by mosquistos and ticks
- Causes yellow fever, West Nile virus, and Dengue virus
-
Hepatitis C
- ssRNA
- + sense
- Enveloped
- Contracted from blood contact
- No vaccine
-
Coronavirus
- ssRNA
- + Sense
- Enveloped
- Spiked (hence crown)
- Largest genome
- Common cold and SARS
-
Retrovirus
- Enveloped
- Spherical
- 2 compies of ssRNA
- + sense
- Inserts into DNA genome using reverse transcriptase
- RNA tumor virusses, HTLV, HIV
-
Rhabdovirus (Rabies)
- ssRNA
- - Sense
- Enveloped
- Helical-rod shaped (bullet shaped)
-
Paramyxovirus
- ssRNA
- - Sense
- Medium Sized
- Enveloped
- Causes mumpts, measles, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, viral pneumonia, bronchitis
-
Influzena A and B (Orthomyxoviruses)
- ssRNA
- - Sense
- Enveloped
- Helical to spherical
- Affinity for mucus
- Genome in 8 segments (allows for genetic drift)
- Contains surface antigens
-
Ebola and Marburg virus (Filoviruses)
- ssRNA
- - Sense
- Enveloped
- Filamentous
-
Hantavirus (Bunyavirus)
- ssRNA
- - Sense
- Medium
- Enveloped
- Spherical
- Genome in 3 segments
- Rodents are typical host
-
Rotavirus
- dsRNA
- Small
- Naked
- Polyhedral
- Diarrhea under 2 years old, gastrointestinal
-
Adenovirus
- dsDNA, linear
- Medium
- Icosahderal
- Naked
- 12 antenna-like fibers
- DNA enter nucleus
- Highly resistant to chemical
- Causes respiratory and GI disease
-
Herpesvirus
- dsDNA, linear
- Large
- Enveloped
- Exhibits latency
- Causes oral herpes and gential herpes (simplex), chickenpox and shingles (varicella-zoster), roseola, Burkitt's lymphoma (Epstein Barr), Kaposi's sarcoma
-
Poxvirus
- dsDNA, linear
- Very large
- Enveloped
- Causes skin lesions, small pox, cowpox, monkeypox
- Vaccine
-
Papovavirus (Papilloma, polyoma, vacuolating)
- dsDNA, circular
- Small
- Naked
- Replicates in the nucleus
- HPV (Causes warts, cervical cancer, gardisil), SV40
-
Hepatitis B (hepadnavirus)
- dsDNA, circular with some ssDNA
- Small
- Enveloped with spikes
- Polyhedral
- Can only be pased through fluid exchange
- Can lead to liver cancer
-
Parvovirus
- ssDNA, linear
- Small
- Naked
- Often requires co-infection
- Bad for dogs
- Causes Fifth's disease (slap cheek)
-
Hemolysis Test
- alpha - partial lysis (greening)
- ß - complete lysis (clearing)
- gamma - no lysis
-
Indole Test
- Tests for metabolism of tryptophan to indole
- Indole turns pink
-
Hydrogen sulfide test
- Reduction of H2S using thiosulfate reductase (in cell).
- H2S reacts with FeS to form black percipitate
-
Urease Test
- Urease catalyzes the breakdown of urea to ammonia (basic) and bicarbonate
- Add pH indication, basic solution (pink) is urease +
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