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Tetrodotoxin
- Natural Toxin: Site 1 Sodium Channel Blocker
- It binds to a specific receptor on the outside of the sodium channel and prevents sodium influx
- Found in fugu and death occurs to paralysis of the diaphragm and drop in blood pressure
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Saxitoxin
- Natural Toxin: Site 1 Sodium Channel Blocker
- It binds to a specific receptor on the outside of the sodium channel and prevents sodium influx
- Found in shellfish and death occurs to paralysis of the diaphragm and drop in blood pressure
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Procaine
- Ester Local Anesthetic
- Administration: Infiltration (dental)
- Very low lipid solubility - very low duration
- Low toxicity
- pKa ~ 8
-
Tetracaine
- Ester Local Anesthetic
- Administration: Infiltration (dental)
- High lipid solubility - very long duration
- pKa ~ 8
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Benzocaine
- Ester Local Anesthetic
- Administration: Topical (skin, mucous membranes)
- Moderate lipid solubility - Lasts only while in contact
- pKa ~ 2.5 - will always be in base form at pH=7.4
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Cocaine
- Ester Local Anesthetic
- Administration: Topical (eyes)
- High lipid solubility
- High toxicity
- pKa ~ 8
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Lidocaine
- Amide Local Anesthetic
- Administration: All routes (topical, infiltration, epidural, caudal, spinal)
- Moderate lipid solubility - moderate Duration
- Moderate toxicity
- pKa ~ 8
-
Mepivacaine
- Amide Local Anesthetic
- Administration: Infiltration, nerve block
- Low lipid solubility - long duration
- Moderate toxicity
- pKa ~ 8
-
Bupivacaine
- Amide Local Anesthetic
- Administration: All routes
- High lipid solubility - very long duration
- High toxicity (cardiotoxic)
- pKa ~ 8
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Ropivacaine
- Amide Local Anesthetic
- Administration: Nerve block, epidural, caudal
- High lipid solubility - very long duration
- Moderate toxicity (less cardiotoxic than bupivacaine)
- pKa ~ 8
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