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How many pounds does a gallon of water weigh?
8.34 lbs/gallon
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How many pounds does a cubic foot of water weigh?
62.4 lbs/cubic foot
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How many gallons are in a cubic foot?
7.48 gallons/cubic foot
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What is the formula for the area of a circle?
A=0.785 D2
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What is the area of a triangle?
A= base x height/2
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What is the area of a trapezoid? (a canal is a trapezoid)
A= (a+b)h/2 or bh/2
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What is the circumference (perimeter) of a circle?
C = 3.14 x D
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What is the formula for the volume of a rectangular tank, in cubic feet?
- V =Length, in feet x Width, in feet x Height, in feet
- or V =LWH
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What is the formula for volume, in cubic feet, of a cylindrical tank or pipeline?
- V =0.785D2H or V =0.785D2L
- (H= height of a tank or L=length of pipe, in feet)
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What is the formula for the amount of gallons a cylindrical tank or pipeline can contain?
- V =0.785D2H x 7.48 gal/cubic foot
- V =0.785D2L x 7.48 gal/cubic foot
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What is the quantity formula?
- Q =AV
- Q =quantity or cubic feet per second
- A =area
- V =velocity usually in feet per second
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What is the pound formula?
Mgd x 8.34 lbs/gallon x ppm = lbs per day/ % available
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What does Mgd mean?
Million gallons per day
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What does ppm mean?
Parts per million (one part in a million parts)
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What is another name for ppm?
Milligram per liter (mg/L), where 1 mg/L = 1 ppm
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How do you calculate percentages?
Percent = part/whole
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How can you calculate Mgd when you know cubic feet per second (cfs)?
Cfs x 0.646 = Mgd
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How many ppm are in 1%?
- 1% = 10,000 ppm
- or 10,000 mg/L
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How much is one billing unit?
1 CCF or 748 gallons
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what is the detention time formula?
Dt = volume/flow
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How many minutes are in a day?
1440 minutes per day
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How many Liters are in a gallon?
3.785 Liters/gallon
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How many milliliters are in a Liter?
1,000 mL/Liter
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How do you convert feet of water column into pressure, in pounds per square inch?
Feet of water x 0.433 = psi
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What is the relationship between chlorine dosage, demand, and residual?
Dosage = Demand + Residual
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How many square feet are in an acre?
43,560 square feet
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How many cubic feet are in an acre-foot?
43,560 cubic feet
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How many gallons of water are in an acre-foot?
43,560 cubic feet x 7.48 gallons/cubic foot = 325,828.8 gallons
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What is the water horsepower formula?
whp = gpm x ft-head/ 3,960
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How do you convert degrees Fahrenheit into Celsius?
(F + 40) x 5/9 - 40 = C
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How do you convert Celsious into Fahrenheit?
(F + 40) x 9/5 - 40 = F
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How do you convert ppm into grains per gallon that's used in water softening?
ppm/17.1 = gpg
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How would you determine a filtration rate, in gallons per minute per square foot?
gpm/sq.ft. = flow,in gpm/ surface area, sq.ft.
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How would you determine the amount of pounds of "active" ingredients per gallon when you know a liquid's active ingrediend percentage?
percent x weight of water x specific gravity = lbs. active ingredients
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What is the relationship between two liquids, when the volumes and concentrations are partially known?
C1V1 = C2C2
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Secondary water quality standards are primarily concerned with
Aesthetics (taste, color, odor, etc.)
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Surge Tanks provide what function in a water distribution system?
Mitigate the impacts of water hammer
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An Elevated Tank is
Elevated above the pressure zone
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The term "MCL" means
Maximum contaminant level
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A clear well provides
Storage of treated or filtered water from a treatment plant.
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Any of the bacteria within the coliform bacterial group can be considered as
An indicator of pathogenic organisms
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A water storage facility is classified as a Standpipe if
It has a height greater than its diameter.
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What term describes water that is suitable for drinking?
Potable
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what is one of the primary causes of water quality deterioration in a potable water storage reservoir?
Poor Mixing or Circulation of Reservoir Contents
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What is the term for water samples collected at an individual location at a specific time?
Grab Samples
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Bacteria that cause disease and other health impacts to humans are known as
Pathogens
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What are the three types of recommended inspections for Potable Water Storage Tanks?
Routine, Periodic, Comprehensive
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A cross-connection is defined as a connection between...
a potable water system and a non-potable water system.
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When referring to pumps and motors, what does the term "wire-to-water efficiency" mean?
Overall effiency of the motor and pump assembly
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Within the same pressure zone as elevation increases pressure in a pipeline will...
Decrease
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Backpressure is caused by?
Higher pressure in the unapproved water supply than in the domestic system
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The most common type of water distribution pump is the
Centrifugal Pump
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The Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) at any point in a destribution system is made up of the following two components:
Elevation and Pressure Head
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An open vertical drop, or empty space, that separates a drinking (potable) water supply to be protected from another water system is referred to as an
Air gap
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The submerged pumping unit in a well, including the shaft, impellers, and housing is called
The Pump Bowl
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Which of the following is a measure of the smoothness of a pipe?
C Factor
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What backflow prevention device has a center relief valve?
Reduced pressure backflow assembly
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What is the rotating element in a pump?
The Impeller
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What causes the Hydraulic Grade Line to slope downward?
Friction Losses
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A reverse flow condition which causes water to flow back into the potable water system from any source other than the intended source is called?
Backflow
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Total Dynamic Head is
The Total Head added by the pump
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The term used to describe the vertical distance, in feet, equivalent to the pressure at a specific point in a hydraulic system is
Head
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Which pipe extension method does not require an interruption in water service?
Wet tap
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Water quality in a water distribution system means:
- Free of Disease and Toxic Chemicals.
- Attractive in Taste and Appearance.
- Satisfying to Customers.
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Each is a type of water distribution system storage facility:
- Elevated Tank
- Standpipe
- Clear Well
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What are the two main objectives of a water distribution system?
Adequate Flow with High Water Quality.
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The terms Grid, Loop, and Tree are
Types of Water Distribution System Layout Patterns
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Disease causing bacteria are known as
Pathogens
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What is one of the primary purposes of reservoir storage?
Equalizing Supply and Demand.
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What is the recommended minimum water pressure in a distribution system at any time, including fire flow conditions?
20 psi
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Three typical water distribution system pipe materials
- Ductile Iron
- PVC
- Asbestos Cement
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The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total trihalomethanes is
80 parts per billion
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What is a typical cause of water hammer?
- Closing a valve too fast
- Stopping Pumps
- Closing Fire Hydrants too fast
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What fitting is used to create one new branch in a water line?
Tee
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What does the Total Coliform Rule require in response to a positive sample for Total Coliforms?
Repeat sampling
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Causes of lost water in distribution system pipelines:
- Flushing
- Fire Fighting
- Leaks
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Typical reservoir components:
- Overflow Pipe
- Inlet/Outlet Pipe
- Air Vent
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Cathodic protection means protection against
Corrosion
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On what type of pipe is tuberculation most likely to occur?
Cast Iron Pipe
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By regulation which type of water source of supply requires treatment by filtration prior to delivery to water consumers?
Surface Water
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For best results the flushing velocity for standard flushing programs should be
2.5 - 3.5 psi
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What are the typical potential impacts of a mainline pipe failure?
- Lost Water
- Water Contamination
- Liability
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A Positive Bacteriological Sample means:
Presence of bacteriological contamination
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The metal component that loses metal in a corrosion process is called the
Anode
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What is the typical exterior corrosion protection method for Ductile Iron Pipe?
Polyethylene Wrap
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Sacrificial Anodes must be
periodically replaced
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