-
what is the protrusion of an organ or tissue through the umbilicus?
umbilical hernia
-
What is a direct/indirect inguinal hernia?
- Direct= explodes directly through wall
- indirect= passes down inguinal canal (scrotal hernia)
-
What is paracentesis?
puncture of the peritoneal cavity to remove fluid
-
Define laparotomy or celiotomy incision
this is the opening of the abd cavity
-
What is done with a falciform ligament that obscures the view of the abdomen?
it is removed
-
What structures can be visualized through a xiphoid-pubic laparotomy incision w/o manipulation and their locations?
- cranial= falciform ligament
- middle= greater omentum =/- tail of spleen
- caudal= bladder
-
Where is the spleen located when doing a laparotomy and how does it affect the incision?
left side or across the midline, tent the skin when opening the abd
-
What's an incision in to the abd just off the midline?
paramedian incision
-
What'd the most imp layer that must be opposed when closing a paramedian midline incision?
external rectus sheath
-
What's an abd incision made in the paralumbar fossa?
paralumbar incision aka flank incision
-
What type of restraint s used for small animal flank surgery?
gen anesthesia rather than local
-
What's a common sequela to peritonitis?
adhesion b/w sheets of peritoneum
-
Must the peritoneum be apposed when closing the ventral midline?
no, best to leave it alone
-
Define wound dehiscence
splitting open of a surgical incision (separation of layers)
-
Why must including the falciform ligament or its fat in the closure of the abd be avoided?
may delay healing and contribute to wound dehiscence
-
What's the most imp structure to close in a midline incision?
linea alba
-
What's a common cause of diaphragmatic hernias?
Trauma...cars, fights, kicks, falls
-
How is a diaphragmatic hernia reached surgically?
from the abd side
-
When opening the abd of a dog with a diaphragmatic hernia what must u be prepared to do?
breath for the dog, as when abd opened there won't be an pneumothorax
-
Is the peritoneum opposed when closing the abd?
no, less trauma
-
How is the stomach axis positioned in a lateral film when there's an enlarged liver?
exceeds angle parallel to ribs
-
Why is the cranial pole of the right kidney not visualized in a lateral radiograph?
in renal impression of liver, the same density
-
Where is the spleen sen in VD and lateral radiographs?
- VD: triangular water density caudal to stomach on the left
- Rt= lateral triangle
-
What causes a focal loss of detail to the right cranial abd?
pancreatitis
-
What part of the right kidney can't be seen normally?
cranial pole embedded in liver
-
Where is the left kidney in relationship to the right?
1/2 kidney length caudal, slightly ventral
-
On what does visualization of the renal borders depend?
amt of perirenal fat present
-
Are the ureters visible on survey rads?
no
-
What structure of the renal pelvis shows up in contrast studies of the kidney that can give clues to problems?
pelvic diverticula/recesses
-
What sides of the animal is the pylorus and the fundus?
- pylorus= right and ventral
- fundus= left and dorsal
-
Which is more ventral, the fundus or the pylorus?
pylorus
-
On what side of the abd is the cecum?
right
-
To what are species differences in the large intestine due?
modification of the ascending colon
-
What is the opening of the ileum in to the colon?
ileocolic opening
-
What is the course of the transverse colon in all domestic species?
right to left cranial to root of mesentary
-
Where is the liver located?
cranial abd abutting diaphragm, almost completely intrathoracic
-
The renal impression is in which liver lobe? which side?
caudate lobe, right
-
What ligament attaches the liver to the stomach?
lesser omentum
-
The common bile duct enters the duodenum at the _____ along with the ____ duct
major duodenal papillae, pancreatic duct
-
List the parts of the pancreas and their location
- right limb: mesoduodenum
- body: near pylorus
- left limb: deep leaf, greater omentum
-
Where is the dorsal end of the spleen located? ventral?
on left, fixed to greater curvature, variable
-
what is the elongated area of the spleen where vessels enter?
hilus
-
What arteries pass from the spleen to the fundus of the stomach?
short gastric aa
-
What is the expanded proximal end of ureters?
renal pelvis
-
What does urine drop from the kidney?
renal crest
-
Which species has capsular veins on the outside of its kidneys?
cat
-
What parts of the renal pelvis surrounds the pseudopapillae?
pelvic recesses/diverticulae
-
How do the ureters pass through the bladder wall and why?
oblique angle to prevent back flow
-
Where is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
dorsal internal area b/w the 2 ureteral openings and opening of the urethra
-
What is a serous membrane?
a thin, continuous membrane lining a closed cavity of the body, covering its organs
-
What are standing lateral views using a horizontal beam direction through a standing animal used to detect?
fluid levels in bowel or abd
-
On what does peritoneal detail depend?
serosal fat around organs
-
What is the term of an abd with an overall gray appearance due to loss of serousal detail?
"ground glass" appearance
-
What is the opaque media or gas to dilineate portions of the GI tract called?
contrast studies
-
What must always precede contrast studies?
survey rads
-
Name one structure than normally is in the left caudal quadrant?
descending colon
-
Which sides of the diaphragm can be seen in the rads?
- cranial surface (contrast with lungs)
- not the caudal end due to water densities around
-
Where is the parts of the stomach located in VD and lateral films?
- Fundus= VD left, lateral and dorsal
- body= VD, midline (dog) and left (cat)
- pylorus= DV, right (dog), midline (cat)
- Lateral= ventral
-
Where is air likely to be seen in the stomach in a rad taken in right lateral recumbency, right and left views?
- right= fundus
- left= pylorus
-
Where would gas be expected in the stomach in a DV view? VD?
fundic regio (dorsal up) and VD: pylorus
-
What is the normal stomachs axis in the lateral projection?
b/w lines vertical to spine and parallel to ribs
-
What is the stomach axis used for clinically?
evaluate the size of the liver
-
What is the air and contrast material w/in an organ called?
double contrast studies
-
How would you precisely locate a radiopaque foreign body to the stomach?
take 2 radiographs 90degrees to each other
-
What does full 360 degree gastric dilatation and volvulus look line on a lateral radiograph?
enlarged gas filled stomach w/ a fold dividing the stomach in to dorsal and ventral compartments
-
What is the large distended loop of small intestine, named b/c they indicate trouble?
sentinel loop
-
What is the shape and location of the cecum in a VD rad?
"C" corkscrew shape, right side level of L3, seen only if air filled
-
Is the descending colon seen in VD and lateral survey rads?
yes, if fecal filled
-
What structure may be surmised ot be enlarged in lateral rads by ventral displacement of the descending colon?
medial iliac lymph nodes
-
Linear foreign bodies in the small intestine ie: string will cause the bowel to ____ ____ on the string due to peristalsis
bunch up/plicate or accordion pleat, very apparent with contrast study
-
What should you do if you see a string hanging out of either end of a cat or dog?
don't pull or may saw through bunched bowel, surgically remove
-
In normal adults dogs on an expiratory abd rad, liver usually doesnt extend past last ____
rib
-
List 3 of 4 connecting peritoneum
mesenteries, omenta, ligaments and folds
-
What peritoneum connects the liver and the ventral abd wall?
falciform ligament
-
How many layers are in the diff classifications of peritoneum?
- parietal and visceral= 1
- connecting= 2
-
What is the peritoneal cavity?
potential space b/w parietal and visceral peritoneum
-
What are the 2 layers of the greater omentum?
superficial and deep leaves
-
What is the opening in to the omental bursa from the peritoneal cavity?
epiploic foramen
-
What is the root of the mesentary?
attachement of the mesentary to dorsal abd
-
Name the 3 main unpaired branches of the abd aorta?
celiac a, cranial and caudal mesenteric aa
-
What do the celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric aa supply?
viscera drained by portal vein
-
what are the 3 branches of the celiac artery?
hepatic, splenic and left gastric
-
How do the jejunal aa terminate to supply the jejunum?
form arcades and vasa recti to jejunum
-
What vessels supply the fundus of the stomach?
short gastric aa from splenic a
-
How are the ovarian aa located?
lift up ovary and look in mesoovarium
-
How are the testicular aa located in the abd?
passing caudal to kidney to vaginal ring
-
What vein carries blood from abd viscera to the liver?
portal v
-
What are the primary abd organs not drained by the portal v? why?
kidneys, adrenal glands, gonads, liver; not drained b/c hormones would be destroyed by the liver
-
Where does the left gonadal vein empty?
in to left renal v instead of crossing aorta to vena cava
-
What lymphatic vessel drains the lymph from the cisterna chyli that drains the caudal animal?
thoracic duct
-
To which lymph nodes does lymph drain to form the caudal and cranial mammae?
- caudal= superficial inguinal
- cranial= axillary
-
what are the large lymph nodes beneath the termination of the aorta?
medial iliac lymph nodes
-
What are the intestinal lymphatic vessels that absorb fat?
lacteals
-
What directions do the ventral branches of the spinal nerves travel?
caudoventral direction
-
What Where are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located?
near branches of abd aorta
-
What gland is part of the sympathetic ANS?
adrenal glands (medulla)
-
How do u visualize the kidneys during a laparotomy?
pull the descending colon and its mesocolon or descending duodenum and its mesoduodenum medially and look in the abd gutter for left and right kidneys
-
What is inflammation of the kidney?
nephritis
-
What structure of the renal pelvis shows up in contrast studies of the kidney that can give clues to problems?
pelvic recesses
-
What is the removal of a kidney? what should be checked first?
nephrectomy; check for another kidney before removal of the 1
-
What is an incision in to a kidney?
nephrotomy
-
What is inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis?
pyelonephritis
-
What is patent urachus?
persistant urachus from the bladder to umbilicus
-
What is a clinical sign of a patent urachus?
dribbling of urine from the umbilicus
-
What is an abnormal concretion in any part of the urinary system?
urinary calculi
-
What is FUS in cats?
urinary tract disease characterized by dysuria and hematuria w/ or w/o obstruction
-
What is the creation of a permanent opening for the urethra in the perineum, a common treatment for FUS?
urethrostomy
-
What is an abnormal termination of a ureter some place besides the urinary bladder?
ectopic ureter, surgically reimplanted obliquely through the bladder wall when corrected
-
What is the #1 iatrogenic ureteral injury occurring during a spay?
ligature or clamp mistakenly applied to ureter
-
What vessels have to be considered when opening the abd?
cranial and caudal superficial epigastric vessels
-
What artery is surgically important in operations of the cecum?
large cecal artery hidden on the dorsal surface
-
What must not be ligated when removing the spleen?
Short gastrics and left gastroepiploic aa or artery supplying them
-
How are vessels ligated during a splenectomy and why?
close to the hilus, to preserve short gastrics and left gastroepiploic supply to the stomach
-
Where is the largest artery of the cecum located?
hidden on dorsal side of the cecum
-
What aa should surgeons watch for when doing nephrectomies?
renal aa usually singular but double/triple are possible
-
What vascular incidence can cause paralysis of the rear limb in cats?
saddle thrombus in caudal aorta, blocking external iliac aa
-
What is the landmark for finding the adrenal glands?
phrenicoabdominal v over ventral surface
-
What is a portosystemic shunt?
splanchnic circulation bypasses normal hepatic system and empties in to systemic veins
-
What is a paracentesis /abd puncture?
surgical puncture of abd for aspiration of fluid
-
What emergency twisting of the stomach occurs in large and giant breed dogs with deep chests?
gastric dilatation/volvulus complex, bloat
-
What common problem results in projectile vomiting?
pyloric stenosis/obstruction
-
What is intussusception?
telescoping of a segment of the intestine in to lumen of an adjacent segment
-
What i an incision in to the intestines?
enterotomy
-
What is inflammation of the cecum?
typhlitis
-
What is surgical removal of the cecum?
typhlectomy
-
What must be avoided when removing the anal sacs surgically?
caudal rectal nn and external anal sphinctor
-
What is eversion of the inner rectum through the anus?
rectal prolapse
-
What are the pathological tracts b/w the rectum and the skin surrounding the anus?
rectocutaneous fistulas
-
What is the partial removal of the liver?
partial hepatectomy
-
How is a liver biopsy taken in dogs?
laportomy caudal to xiphoid process, finger holds liver in place, biopsy needle through separate stab incision
-
What is inflammation of the gallbladder?
cholecystitis
-
How is the right limb of the pancreas exposed during exploratory surgery?
retracts duodenum ventromedially
-
How is the left lobe of the pancreas exposed surgically?
retract stomach and spleen cranially and transverse colon caudally
-
how would you locate adrenal gland during sx?
phrenicoabdominal v crosses ventrally
-
What is the removal of 1 or more mammary glands?
mastectomy
-
When wouldn't a mastectomy be performed on a mammary tumor?
if distal lung metastisis is already present
-
What do the following surgical suffixes mean?
- ectomy
- ostomy
- otomy
-pexy
-plasty
- - removal of organ or part by sx
- -surgically creating an artificial opening b/w 2 hollow organs or b/w a hollow organ and abd wall
- -surgical incision
- -fixation
- -shaping
-
How are the abd gutters exposed?
pull descending duodenum and mesoduodenum or colon and mesocolon medially
-
What is ileus?
obstruction of the intestines
-
Can the liver be palpable in the normal dog?
no
-
How is the descending colon palpated? When is this easiest?
on left side...easiest when constipated
-
Can the kidneys be palpated in the dog? How easy can the cat's kidneys be palpated through the abd wall?
- In some dogs, right is more difficult
- Usually left pendulous enough to palpate right may also be palpated
-
Is the urinary bladder palpable in the dog and the cat?
readily
-
When can and can't the uterus be palpated?
- Can't or rarely in nonpregnant pitches
- pregnant: vesicle palpable ranging at 25-35 days then horns uniformly enlarged: nonpalpable
-
How is the superficial inguinal ln palpated?
subcutaneously just craniomedial to thigh
-
List 7 of the 9 regions of the abd
xiphoid, rt. and left hypogastric, rt and left flank, umbilical, rt and lt inguinal, pubic
-
What is the fold of the flank?
fold of skin from thigh to abd wall
-
What are the 3 midline regions from cranial to caudal?
xiphoid, umbilical, prepubic
-
List the main structures found in the left cranial quadrant
diaphragm, left liver lobes, fundus and body of stomach, cranial pole of left kidney, spleen, left limb of pancreas
-
List structures crossing the midline bw the left and right cranial quadrants
body of stomach, transverse colon, left limb of pancreas, liver, diaphragm
-
What main structures are located in the right caudal quadrant?
descending duodenum, cecum, uterine horn and ovary, caudal pole of right kidney, right ductus deferens, right vaginal ring, right ureter
-
What main structures are located in the right cranial quadrant?
diaphragm, epiploic foramen, caudal lobe of liver, right lobe and body of pancreas, pylorus and pyloric antrum, descending duodenum, right adrenal, cranial lobe of right kidney
-
List structures crossing the midline bw left and right caudal quaudrants?
uterine body, urinary bladder, prostate, terminal branches of aorta, caudal flexure of duodenum, ileum
-
What main structures are found in the left caudal quadrant?
descending colon, left ureter, caudal mesenteric a, mesocolon, left uterine horn and ovary, left ductus deferens, left vaginal ring, left ureter
-
What are the names of the mammae in the bitch?
Cranial and cadual thoracic, cranial and caudal abdominal and inguinal
-
What spaces store milk in the mammary gland?
lactiferous sinus= glands sinus and teat sinus
-
What passages lead from the teat sinus to the outside?
teat canal or papillary duct
-
What are the openings on the nipple/papilla? # in the dog?
teat orifices, many per nipple
-
What main vessels supply the mammary glands?
cranial and caudal superficial epigastric and lateral thoracic aa and vv
-
List the abd muscles superficial to deep?
- external abd oblique
- internal abd oblique
- transversus abdominis
- rectus abdominis
-
What is the caudal free edge of the aponeurosis of EAO extending from the tuber coxae around the iliopsoas m to the prepubic tendon?
inguinal ligament
-
What is the rectus sheath?
aponeuroses of the abd mm around the rectus abdominis m, meet/fuse at the linea alba
-
What is the musculotendinous partition bw the thorax and abd?
diaphragm
-
What are the parts of the diaphragm?
outer: muscular part, inner-dorsal: crura and tendinous center
-
List the opening through the diaphragm
aortic, esophageal hiatuses, caval foramen
-
Name 2 sublumbar muscles
psoas minor and major and aquadratus lumborum
-
What are the cranial and caudal boundaries of the abd cavity?
- cranial - diaphragm
- caudal- pelvic inlet
-
What is the term for a part further from the mouth?
closer to the mouth?
aborad, orad
-
can an orad part be further caudally than an aborad part?
yes, ie: cecum to transverse colon
-
List the parts of the abd tubular GI tract from orad to aborad
abdominal, esphagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, anus
-
List the parts of the abd GI tract including accessory organs from orad to aborad
abdominal esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, pancreatic ducts, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, anus
-
What peritoneum connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver?
lesser omentum
-
What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
greater curvature and dorsal abdominal wall
-
Name the longitudinal folds of the stomach mucosa
gastric rugae
-
Where is the stomach located?
cranial behind liver and depending on how full can extend half way b/w the xiphoid and pubis
-
Name the 3 divisions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
-
What opens in to the descending duodenum?
common bile duct, pancreatic ducts and stomach
-
Which part of the small intestine has the longest mesentary?
jejunum
-
What connecting peritoneums suspend the duodenum?
mesoduodenum and duodenocolic ligaments
-
List the parts of the large intestine
cecum, colon and rectum, anal canal
-
What does the ileocecal fold connect?
ileum and cecum
-
Name 3 parts of the colon
ascending, transverse and descending
-
Upon what does anal continence depend?
internal and external anal sphincters
-
What is the end and terminal opening of the GI tract?
anal canal and anus
-
What are the reservoirs for secretions opening in to the carnivore's anus?
anal sacs
-
Where are the anal sacs in relationship to the anal sphincters?
b/w internal and external anal sphincters
-
What is the functional input and exit of the liver?
porta
-
What ligament of the liver originates from the coronary ligament and extends to the sternal part of the diaphragm?
falciform ligament
-
Name the 4 ligaments attaching the liver to the diaphragm
coronar, right and left triangular and falciform
-
What structure stores and concentrates bile?
gallbladder
-
What carries bile to and from the gallbladder?
cystic duct
-
What vessel carries nutrient-rick blood fromt he stomach, intestines, pancreas and spleen to the liver? What vessel carries oxygen to liver?
Portal vein and hepatic artery
-
What is the structural unit of the liver?
lobule
-
The ______ cells are arranged radially around liver sinusoids
hepatic
-
What spaces bathe the hepatic cells?
liver sinusoids
-
What small tubules collect bile from the hepatic cells?
bile canaliculi
-
Compare the direction of flow in the liver sinusoids and bile caliculi?
in opposite directions; blood twd caudal vena cava, bile twd porta
-
What do the liver sinusoids form that join to form the hepatic veins?
central vv
-
What functional part of the pancreas does the pancreatic ducts drain?
exocrine part
-
Where is the endocrine function of the pancreas carried out?
islet cells of the pancreas
-
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
pancreatic enzymes aid in digestion
-
what do the pancreatic ducts carry to the duodenum?
pancreatic enzymes
-
With what 2 abd organs is the spleen closely associated?
stomach and greater omentum
-
Of what does the serosa consist?
layer of mesothelium and ct backing
-
what erous membrane covers the walls of a cavity?
parietal
-
what is the CT around an organ that's not in a body cavity called? What is it called if it's in a body cavity?
adventitia, serosa
-
what do clinicians usually call the visceral serosa on an organ?
serosa
-
What does a fold of peritoneum connect?
2 visceral layers of peritoneum
-
Name 2 subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity
ovarian bursa and omental bursa
-
is the peritoneal cavity open to the outside of the animaL?
yes in females via uterine tube, no in males
-
what is a diverticulum of the peritoneal cavity?
vaginal cavity
-
how are the pouches of the peritoneal cavity formed?
caudal reflections of peritoneum bw organs of pelvis
-
list the 3 pouches of the peritoneum
rectogenital, vesicogenetal and pubovesical
-
what is bw the 2 leaves of the greater omentum?
omental bursa
-
what does the lesser omentum connect?
liver to lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum
-
Give the location of the epiploic foramen in to the omental bursa
ventromedial to caudate lobe bw caudal vena cava and portal v
-
why is the omentum called the policeman of the abd?
helps wall off infections
-
what are located in the free edges of the lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder?
urachus or remnant of the urachus
-
what connects the spleen and the stomach?
gastrosplenic ligament (part of greater omentum)
-
what is the serosa see in the cranial end of a ventral midline incision?
falciform ligament
-
What is the functions of the mesentaries?
suspend organs and path for vessels and nn to organ
-
name the connecting peritoneum suspending the:
- ileum
- rectum
-colon
-jejunum
- -mesoileum
- -mesorectum
- -mesocolon
- -mesojejunum or great mesentary
-
What does the celiac a supply?
cranial abd organs
-
what main arteries send branches to the pancreas?
branches of celiac and cranial mesenteric aa
-
what is the blood supply to the intestine?
cranial and caudal mesenteric aa
-
what are the numerous vessels to the jejunum?
jejunal aa from cranial mesenteric a
-
how does the splenic artery enter the spleen?
all along it's long hilus
-
what is the blood supply of the pancreas?
cranial and caudal pacreaticoduodenal a and pancreatic branches
-
how is the venal cava formed?
external and internal iliac vv unite = 2 common iliac vv which unite= caudal vena cava
-
to where does the lymph from the pelvic limbs, pelvis and abd drain?
cisterna chyli
-
what lymphatic ducts drain the abd viscera of lymph?
visceral lymphatic trunks
-
what forms cysterna chyli?
lumbar and viscera lymphatic trunks
-
where does lymph drain to from the caudal mammae (4 and 5, maybe even 3)?
superficial inguinal lymph node
-
where do the cranial 3 pairs of mammary glands mainly drain?
axillary lymph node
-
where are the lymph nodes in the root of the mesentery?
jejunal lymph nodes
-
what do the medial iliac lymph nodes drain?
dorsal abd, pelvis and pelvic limb
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