-
midsagittal, medial
vertical plane that passes midway through the body; equal right and left sides
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parasagittal
vertical plane dividing body into unequal left and right sides, on either side of midsagittal
-
frontal, coronal
vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts
-
horizontal, transverse
parallel to the ground dividing body into upper and lower halves
-
anatomical position
the body is erect, feet together, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
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longitudinal
referes to long axis
-
transverse
at right angles to long axis
-
-
median
the midline or center plane (a location)
-
superior, cephalic
toward the head or upper part of structure
-
cranial inferior, caudal
toward the tail or lower part of structure
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medial
nearer to midline or center plane (a direction)
-
lateral
further from the midline or center plane
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anterior
toward or at the front; in front of
-
posterior
toward or at the rear; behind
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dorsal
refers to the back; also back of hand and top of foot
-
ventral
refers to the front
-
deep
further form surface, refers to solid form
-
superficial
nearer to surface, refers to solif form
-
internal
inside, refers to wall of cavity of a hollw form
-
external
outside, refers to wall of cavity of hollow form
-
proximal
nearer to root of limb; nearer to axial skeleton
-
distal
further form root of limb; farther away from axial skeleton
-
palmar
refers to palm-side of hand
-
plantar
refers to sole of foot
-
supine
forearm and hand, turned palm-side upward
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prone
forearm and hand, turned palm-side downward
-
invert
turn inward (as foot and ankle joint)
-
evert
turn outward (as foot at ankle joint; also lower lip)
-
intermediate
between other structures
-
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
-
contralateral
on the opposite sides of the body
-
four primary tissue types
- 1. epithelial (stratified squamous epithelium)
- 2. connective (dense regular, dense irregular, cartilage, dense bone)
- 3. muscle (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
- 4. nervous
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dense regular
- -arranged parallel to each other; smooth; uniformly arranged
- -located in tendons
- -provides connection, great tensile strength in one direction
-
dense irregular
- -not uniformly arranged
- -located in the dermis of the skin
- -resists tension is any direction
-
hyaline cartilage
- -dense firm matrix, smooth (packed with collagen)
- -located in the ends of long bone in joint cavities, costal cartilage of ribs and articular cartilage of freely movable joints
- -supports and reinforces; resists compression stress
-
bone (osseous tissue): compact bone
- -dense solid
- -located exterior of bone
- -weight bearing; protects and is where nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels conduct
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lamellar
- -one ring
- -makes up the rings in an osteon
- -withstand torsion stress
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spongy bone
- -unorganized, lots of holes
- -located along the line of stress
- -helps bone resist stress
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bone
calcified organs composing the skeleton
-
cartilage
substance from which bone ossifies; a type of connective tissue
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joint, articulation
junction between bones
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head
enlarged round end of a long bone
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neck
constriction of a bone near its head
-
body
broadest or longest mass of a bone
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shaft
body of a long bone, diaphysis
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symphysis
union of complementary right and left halves at the midline
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eminence
low convexity (just perceptible)
-
protuberance, tubercle
bump (usually can be felt under finger), larger than an eminence
-
-
spine
pointed projection or sharp process
-
-
condyle
plosihed or rounded articular surface
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epicondyle
elevation above or proximal to a condyle
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trochlea
spool-shaped articular surface
-
facet
small articular area
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fossa (pl. fossae)
shallow depression
-
foramen (pl. foramina)
hole; perforation
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-
epiphysis
ends of long bone
-
diaphysis
middle/shaft of long bone
-
skull-
cranium
frontal-in the front
protects the brain
-
skull
parietal
on the side (2 bones)
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skull
temporal
situated at sides and base of skull
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skull
temporal
-mastoid process of the temporal
-styloid process of the temporal
point of muscle attachments
-
skull
occipital
at the back and lower part of skull
-
skull
occipital
-occipital condyle(s)
-foramen magnum (openiong for the spinal cord)
- -undersurface of bone; articulate with superior facets of atlas vertebra
- -large hole, transmits medulla oblongata, accessory nerves
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skull
sphenoid
unpaired bone at the base of the skull in front
-
skull
sphenoid
-sella turcica (location of pituitary gland)
holds and protects the pituitary gland
-
skull
ethmoid
- one bone
- moisturizes air with the folds that it has
- seperates nasal cavity from brain
-
face
-maxilla
- -upper jaw bone (keystone bone of facial bone)
- -fusion of 2 bones, forms boundaries of roof of mouth, floor/lateral wass of nasal antrum, wall of orbit
-
face
mandible
lower jaw bone
-
face
mandible
-mandibular condyles
articulates with mandibular fossa
-
face
zygomatic
cheek bone, 2 bones
-
face
lacrimal
- -tear bone (helps with drainage)
- -contributes to medial walls
-
face
palatine
2 bony parts (roof of the mouth)
-
face
nasal
bridge of the nose
-
face
vomer
forms part of nasal septum, connected to ethmoid bone
-
face
inferior concha
- -2 bones (pairs), forms lateral wall of nasal cavity
- -thin curved bones
-
ear ossicles
malleus (hammer)
- front bone
- transmits sound vibration
-
ear ossicles
incus (anvil)
- posterior bone (behind malleus)
- transmits sound vibrations
-
ear ossicles
stapes (stirrup)
- attached to oval windows
- ring like bone (sets the fluid in motion)
- transmits sound vibration
-
other
hyoid
- -movable base of tongue
- -not attached to anything
- -raises, lowers lynx during swallowing
-
vertebral column
cervical (7)
atlas (top)
axis (bottom)
-odontoid process (dens)
other 5 cervical vertebrae
-transverse foramen
- -always has transverse foramen ( the only one of the vertebrae that does)
- -spinous process is usually a bifid
- -body is smaller compared with the other
-
vertebral column
thoracic (12)
- -transverse process protude out much more compared with the other
- -flat articular process for greater range of motion
- -body medium in size
-
vertebral column
lumber (5)
- -body is largest compared with the other vertebrae
- -cup shaped articular process (less range of motion)
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vertebral column
sacral
- -large triangle shaped bone at the base of spine
- -5 fused vertrbrae
- -consist of sacral foramina
-
vertebrae column
coccygeal
- -3 fused bones
- -tailbone
- -coccyx -> vestigial tail
-
thoracic
sternum
-manubrium (upper part)
-body (middle part)
-xiphoid process (lower part)
- breastbone, protection; forms anterior section of rib cage
- -articulates with clavicle and first two ribs
- -thinner than manubrium
- -fuses to the body and is non-movable
-
thoracic
ribs
-true/sternal
-false/vertebrochondral
and false/floating
- -(first 7) attached directly to the sternum
- -(next 5 ribs) attached to cartilage that is attched to the sternum
- -attached only to the vertebrae
-
upper limb
scapula
-acromion process
-coracoid process
-glenoid fossa
-supraspinous fossa
-infraspinous fossa
-spacular spine
- connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).
- -joins with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular (AC) joint
- -Together with the acromion, the coracoid process serves to stabilize the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint .
- -the concavity in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
- -above the scapular spine
- -below the scapular spine
- -separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa.
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upper limb
clavicle
-sternal end
-acromial end
- -acts as a strut for holding upper limb free from trunk for maximum freedom of action; provide attachments for muscles; transmits forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
- -triangular-shaped medial (sternal) end of the
- clavicle articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular
- joint
- -broad lateral (acromial) end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint.
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upper limb
humerous
-head
-deltoid tuberosity
-trochlea
-intertubercular (bicipital) groove
-olecranon fossa
-capitulum
- bone of the arm
- -prominent, rounded, articulating end of bone
- -large roughened process
- -deep depression between two well-marked borders
- -deep groove
- -shallow sruface
- -smooth, rounded eminence
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upper limb
radius
-head
-radial tuberosity
-interosseous membrane ( between radius and ulna)
- connects the elbow to the wrist
- -prominent articulating end of bone
- -large roughned process
- -fibrous sheet that connects the radius and the ulna
-
upper limb
ulna
-olecronon process
-trochlear notch
-coronoid process
- bone in the forearm. It functions as part of the elbow joint.
- -prominent bony projection
- -large depression, formed by olecranon and coronoid process, serves as articulation with the trochlea of the humerus.
- -triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna
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carpals
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrium
pisiform
trapezoid
trapezium
capitate
hamate
metacarpals
phalanges
- -link between the distal and proximal carpal rows
- -a crescent-shaped bone
- -part of the carpus, a group of eight wrist bones
- -point of soft tissue attachment on the medial wrist, it acts as a lever
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lower limb
ilium
-iliac crest
-anterior superior iliac spine
-anterior inferior iliac spine
ischium
-ischial tuberosity
-acetabulum
pubis
-pubic symphysis
- -attachment site for lateral muscles of abdominal wall and back of pelvis,giving form to the interior part of the torso,and protecting its contents
- -unites with the ilium and the pubis to form hip bone
- -anterior part of the pelvic ring created by the hip bones
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lower limb
femur
-head
-neck
-greater trochanter
-lesser trochanter
patella
tibia
fibula
- -hold the body and provides support to the entire skeletal structure; helps in the movement of our legs.
- -increase the amount of the torque available by the surrounding muscles
- -connects to the Fibula and provides movement of the legs
- -an attachment point for muscles, located to the side of the tibia
-
tarsals
medial cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
cuboid
talus
calcaneus
navicular
metatarsals
phalanges
- toes
- (be able to locate them)
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