genetics test 2 set2

when you mate the hetrozygous individual working with the trait that controlls complimentation(F1 gen)

F1 are wild

one gene is masking the expression of a second gene

The gene that is hiding the expression

The gene that is being hiden

• If your epistatic gene is recessive(recessive epistasis) F2 gen 9:3:4(phenotype ratio)
• dominant epistasis 12:3:1(phenotype ratio)

• when two genes interact together to produce a phenotype that neither one could of produced on its own
• Can get 9:3:3:1 only looking at one trait and you can get 9:6:1
• EX-Combs on chickens, or scarlet and brown eyes in fruit flies

• Got two genes if either one of the two genes is dominant it will hide the recessive phenotype
• 15:1

One gene will modify the expression of a second gene

• Suppression-first gene ungergoes a mutation you can see the mutation expressed, a second gene(modifier gene) that undergoes mutation this supresses the expression of the original mutation
• or reversing the effect of a mutant to produce a wild type

• 15:1
• 13:3
• 13:3
• 7:9

• Maternal effect genes
• Maternal inheritance
• Maternal Imprinting

• phenotype of offspring is determined by genotype of mother
• EX-genes are transcribed in cells of mother and then RNA is translated in the zygote

• Phentype of offspring is determined by mitochondrai inherited from mother
• EX-used to track human migration

phenotype of offspring is determined by genotype of father because genes inherited from mother are switched off

• XY
• The two sex chromosomes are not completely homologous
• Y is smaller then the X chromosome
• Female is the default gender

a gene that is carried on the x chromosome but has no corrisponding locus on the Y chromosome

only one functional copy of the gene

• Male (XY) in mammals because he can produce two different gametes
• Male is hemizygous for the X-linked gene

Famale (XX) all her gametes are the same

SRY gene (sex related Y) codes for a protien called TDF(testies determining factor) which tell the gonads in devolping embrio to become testies

One of the X chromo becomes lyonized and is called a barr body(dosage comp)

In one half of her body one X chromo is lyonized in the other half the other is lyonized EX- calico cat

• gender is determined by number of X's compared by number of autosomes(X to autosomes ratio)
• Male is defualt gender
• Dosage compinsation-Upregulate transcription in the male

• XX-hermaphrodite
• X-male
• Dosage comp-transcribing in the XX 1/2 the normal rate

• ZW system
• Male homogamete sex(ZZ)
• female heterogamete sex(ZW)

• Male(haploid) develope from unfertilzed egg
• Females(diploid) develope from fertilized egg, unfertile unless fed royal jelly

• Dioecious(XY or X:A system) have both female and male plant(imperfect flowers). EX-gingco tree
• Monicious-pretty much hemphrodite(perfect flowers)

Color blindness

hairy ears

• Only expressed in one sex
• EX-males in cows only have horns

• phenotype of heterozygote is determined by sex
• EX male pattern baldness

• Batson and Punnett
• Morgan explianed it later

• Coupling-two genes have similar genotype
• repultion-two genes one dominant one recessive

• Reciprocal crosses
• test crosses

• Parental offspring-offspring that look like original parents
• Recombinant offspring-offspring that have a new combination of the two genes through crossing over

• process of two homologous chromo exchange material
• translocation is between non homologous chromo(interchromosomal recombination EX independent ass. of unlinked genes)

any process that produces haploid genotype that are different from the two haploid genotype that began the process

test crosses

• gene maps
• restriction enzymes
• VNTR, STR
• SNP's(single nucleotide polymorphism)

• How many chromosomes it has(make karyotype using colchizine)or(complimentation test)
• determine linkage group-test crosses(1:1:1:1 independent) pedigree analysis
• assessing linkage groups to chromo-FISH,Cy/Sr;Di/Sb
• X was the first human chromosome mappped

• very rare
• two homologous chromosome rarely line up
• produces a reciprocal event
• retinoblastoma is probably caused by mitotic crossing over

• If either one or both genes have a dominant allele they will mask the recessive phenotype
• 15:1

• Supression-first gene under goes a mutation and you can the mutation expressed then you have a second gene the modifier gene that undergoes a mutation, this change supresses the expression of the original mutation
• pretty much two wrongs make a right

genetic interaction that occurs when two seperate genes control one trait

offspring containing an incorrect number of chromo that were not excpected (bridges)

contain an incorrect number of chromo, occurs because of nondisjunction or translocation

only one copy, one allele for a gene located on one of its sex chromo

X and Y chromosomes determines gender

reversing phenotype of intrest between male and female parent from orginal cross

failure of two homologous chrom to seperate from eachother during meiosis I or failure of twoo sister chromotids to seperate from eachother durin meiosis II or during mitosis

disrupts connection between spindle tubules during metaphase so you can make karyotype

• Deletion
• duplication
• insersion
• inversion(pericentric)(peracentric)

two homologous chromo that exchange materila

two non homologous chromo exchange material EX translocation