BIOL 223 Chapter 6-3

Random rods that make up spongy bone are known as:

The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with:

True or False: The arrangement of lacuna, osteocytes, canaliculi, and lamellae are much less ordered in spongy bone than in compact bone.
True False

List the two benefits of spongy bone discussed in class.

Define calcification.

Which bones form by intramembranous ossification?

What is the first step of intramembranous ossification?

During intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts surround the ossification center and start to create:

What happens to the osteoid during intramembranous ossification?

During intermembranous ossification, after the trabeculae form and the periosteum develops, the outer layers are remodeled into:

Which bones form by endochondral ossification?

What type of tissue serves as a model for bone formation during endochondral ossification?

The process by which dermal tissue becomes bone is known as:

Where is the primary ossification center in a long bone?

Where are the secondary ossification centers in a long bone?

The cells of a hyaline model contain _______ which build cartilage and allow the model to enlarge.

True or False: Early in the endochondral ossification process, a thick layer of bone forms along the epiphysis.
True False

True or False: After the central parts of the hyaline model have become calcified, the primary ossification center begins to form the first significant bone.
True False

During endochondral ossification, spongy bone is remodeled into compact bone around the:

True or False: The secondary ossification centers form spongy bone in the epiphysis.
True False

True or False: During endochondral ossification, the epiphyseal plate is formed out of compact bone.
True False

List the four zones of cartilage found at the actively growing epiphyseal plate.

This zone attaches the underlying cartilage layers to the ephiysis and does not actively grow.

In this zone, chondrocytes are dividing and thickening the layer.

The zone in which chondrocytes increase in size is known as the:

The transition from cartilage to bone takes place in which zone of the epiphyseal plate?

True or False: As bone length increases, layers of matrix are added around the circumference to increase bone mass.
True False

True or False: As long as new cartilage growth and calcification happen at the same rate, your bones will continue to grow in length.
True False

What will happen when bone calcification overtakes the rate of cartilage formation.

The process of breaking down Ca⁺² and sending it to the blood stream is called:

Deposition of Ca⁺² from the blood into the bone matrix is performed by which bone cell?

If osteoclast activity is greater that osteoblast activity, your bones will:

Bones that become heavier, denser, and more mineralized are due to the fact that osteoblast activity is _______ than osteoclast activity.

The substance needed for bone mineralization is:

The substance your body requires for the proper absorption of calcium is:

What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis?

Which vitamin is essential for osteoblast function?

These two vitamins are needed for synthesizing bone proteins and also play a role in the production of collagen.

These two hormones play a role in the growth of bones during childhood and puberty.

Which hormone will be synthesized when blood calcium levels are high?

Which hormone will be secreted when blood calcium is low?

Calcitonin stimulates a series of responses designed to _______ blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid hormone stimulates a series of responses designed to _______ blood calcium levels.

List the four physiological responses to calcitonin discussed in class.

List the four physiological responses to parathyroid hormone discussed in class.

List the three methods of bone fracture classification discussed in class.

A bone fracture in which the broken ends of bone do not break through the skin surface is known as a:

A bone fracture in which the broken ends of bone break through the skin surface is called an:

When a fracture breaks the shaft of a long bone, perpendicular to the long axis, it is classified as a:

A comminuted fracture is commonly described as a:

Which type of fracture will usually require screws, plates, and rods to repair?

When one side of a bone is fracture while the other side is only bent, it is classified as what type of fracture?

Bone fractures at an angle due to twisting forces are known as:

List two common causes of spiral fractures.

A Colles fracture is a break in the _______ _______ commonly associated with bracing oneself for a fall.

A Potts fracture is a break in the _______ _______ that often affects the neighboring bone as well.

An epiphyseal fracture commonly occurs at which bone feature?

True or False: Transverse fracture at the epiphyseal plate rarely heal well.
True False

List the four steps of fracture repair discussed in class.

What could happen if a fracture between the epiphysis and epiphyseal plate is poorly treated?