Jessica

a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
C=C

a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds C = C

alkenes taht contain 2 double bonds

alkenes taht contain 3 double bonds

alkenes taht contain several double bonds

-non polar
-only attractive forces between their molecules are london dispersion forces
-physical properties are similiar to alkanes with same carbon skeleton
-insoluble in water
-soluable in one another
- float on water

If a molecule has n double bonds about which cis-trans isomerism is possible then 2ⁿ isomers are possible.

four carbon chain with a carbon coming off of #2 Carbon

most alkene addition reactions are

H adds to the less substituted carbon and X(cl,br,etc) adds to the more substituted carbon.
Less Cs More Hs, add H
More Cs, less Hs, add X

- low density weaker (high branched do not pack well)
- trash bags

high density, stronger (only minimal chain branching)
- high melting point, (bottles, squeeze jugs)

nCH₂=CH₂

any long chain molecule synthesized by bonding together many single parts

single part that used in polymer

a hydrocarbon that contains one or benzene-like rings

a term used to describe aromatic compounds

equals stability
the length of a carbon-carbon bond in benzene is midway between that of a carbon-carbon single bond and a double bond. (in between)

a hydrocarbon that contains two or more benzene rings, with each pair of rings sharing two adjacent carbon atoms.

the degree is determined by how many Cs are attached to the + C of the double bond

addition of water

the catalye foR hydration is most commonly

the reagent for hydration is H₂O dont forget that in the second step it is the water molecule, and then the THIRD STEP is called the loss of H⁺ which is called

species containing one oxygen atom with 3 bonds to it and bearing a positive charge

adding HCl is called

adding Br₂ is called

adding H₂ is called

the catalyze or organic solvent used in adding Cl₂ and Br₂ is

the reagent for adding brominatoin or chlorination is

the reagent in hydrogenation is

The catalyze in hydrogenation is

C₆H₅

a hydrocarbon that contains 2 or more benzene rings, with each pair of rings sharing two adjacent carbon atoms.

by far the most characteristic reaction of aromatic compounds is substitution at a ring carbon. this is called

in Halogenation reaction of benzene the catalyze is

in halogenation of benzene the reagent is

in Nitration
water always becomes a product!!!
the catalyze is

in Nitration of Benzene the reagent is

In Nitration the nitro group can be reduced to a primary aminio by catalytic reduction using

Nitration with nitro reduction

Sulfonation : heating an aromatic compound with concentrated H₂SO₄ results in

the functional group of a phenol is a

weak acids, insoluble in water, but react with a strong base, to form water-soluable salts. Do NOT react with weak bases

oxidation requiring oxygen and NO other reactants.
the reaction converts an R-H group to an R-O-O-H
-radical chain reaction

an atom of molecule with an unpaired electron C*

removal of an H atom by light or heat
Product is a

hydroperoxides

is a natural antioxidant
BHt and BHA are synthetic antioxidants
radical scavengers, they form stable radicals and break the cycle of chain propagation steps.