Anatomy

• Occipital
• Parietal
• Frontal
• Temporal
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid

• Maxilla
• Mandible

• Sagittal: between parietal bones
• Frontal/coronal: parietal + frontal
• Lambdoid: parietal + occipital
• Squamous: parietal + temporal

• S: Skin with hair and sebacous glands
• C: Close subcutaneous/connective tissue
• A: Aponeurosis flattened tendon, named galea aponeurotica/epicranium
• L: Loose subaponeurotic tissue allowing for free movement, "danger layer"
• P: Pericranium/periosteum

• Falx cerebri: seperates sides of cerebrum, attached to crista galli and tentorium cerebelli
• Tentorium cerebelli: tent over cerebellum
• Falx cerebelli: another sickle shaped fold seperating cerebellar hemispheres
• Diaphragma sella: small sheet, roof over hypophyseal fossa

Inferior --> straight --> confluence --> transverse --> sigmoid --> internal jugular

superior --> confluence

Basilar artery --> posterior cerebral arteries (which then feed hemispheres --> posterior communicating arteries --> middle cerebral arteries (which then feed hemispheres and break into internal carotids to feed inside of Circle) --> anterior cerebral --> anterior communicating closes Circle

• Largest part of brain
• Gyri: longitudinal/falx cerebri, transverse fissure/sulcus, lateral fissure/sulcus, central sulcus

Precentral gyrus is primary motor, lies anterior to central sulcus

Postcentral gyrus is primary sensory lies posterior to central sulcus

• Makes up central gray matter
• Controls movement and posture

Relay station, sends impulses to ccerebral cortex

• Optic chiasma where CNII optic nerve crosses
• Mammillary bodies -- sensory synaptic station, part of limbic station
• Pitutary gland

• Midbrain (corporua quadrigemina made of superior & inferior collucli)
• Pons (connects cerebellar hemispheres)
• Medulla oblongata (pyramidal decussation)
• Cerebellum (looks like arbor vitae, coordinates muscle activity, regulates muscle tone, maintains equilibrium)

• Lateral (2) -- largest, sepearted by septum pellucidum
• Third (1) -- between thalami
• Fourth (1) -- in pons & medulla, continuous with spinal cord

• Right/left ventricle
• Interventricular foramen of Monro
• Third ventricle
• Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
• Fourth ventricle
• Luschka or Magendie
• Subrachnoid space
• Arachnoid granulations
• Superior sagittal & venous system for drainage

• O: skin over deltoid & pec
• I: lower border of mandible
• Inn: facial nerve CN VII

• O: Manubrium of the sternum and clavicle
• I: mastoid process
• Inn: CN XI, Accessory

• Thyrohyoid
• Sternohyoid
• Omohyoid
• Sternothyroid

• O: thyroid cartilage
• I: hyoid bone
• Inn: CN XII (hypoglossal), C1 (the exception to the rule)

• O: manubrium of the sternum
• I: hyoid
• Inn: ansa cervicalis

• O: manubrium of the sternum
• I: hyoidInn: ansa cervicalis

• I: scapula (omo means neck)
• I: hyoid
• Inn: ansa cervicalis

• Digrastric
• Stylohyoid
• Mylohyoid
• Geniohyoid

• Scalene anterior
• Scalene medius
• Scalene posterior

Triangle: anterior + medius + first rib

• O: cervical vertebrae
• I: first ribe
• Inn: ventral rami

• O: cervical vertebrae
• I: first rib
• Inn: ventral rami

• O: cervical vertebrae
• I: second rib
• Inn: ventral rami

• Longus capitis
• Longis cervicis/colli (means neck)

• Phrenic
• Internal jugular
• Common & internal carotid arteries
• Subclavian vein (seperates V from A)
• Vagus nerve

PICCSvV

• Subclavian artery
• Brachial plexus

• 8:
• 7 cervical vertebrae (C1/atlas, C2/axis, C3-C6 and C7/vertebral promenens) and hyoid

• Internal jugular
• Vagus nerve
• Common carotid

• Phrenic nerve
• Ansa cervicalis
• Superficial branches

• From ventral ramus (C3, 4 and 5) diaphragm
• Courses through neck in front of scalene anterior and through thorax in front of root of lung
• Innervates just one muscle: diaphragm

• Supplies all infrahyoid (except thyrohyoid)
• Has superior (hypoglossal nerve) and inferior roots (from C2 or C3)

• Lesser occipital (C2, C3)
• Greater auricular (C2, C3)
• Transverse cervical (C2, C3) crosses over
• Supraclavicular (C3, C4) over clavicle

Arch --> brachiocephalic --> right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery --> terminates at upper border of tyroid cartilige by dividng into internal (80%) and external carotid

Arch --> left common carotid artery (same as above)

Arch --> left subclavian artery --> changes into axillary artery at first rib --> joins with other vertebral artery at foramen magnum --> forms basilar artery

Axillary vein --> becomes subclavian vein at lateral border of first rib --> joins with internal jugular vein --> brachiocephalic vein

External jugular veins draining scalp & face --> sternoclidomastoid --> joins respective subclavian vein

Internal jugular vein from dural sinuses that drain brain --> carotid sheath --> joins respective subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic

• Apex: tiop
• Root: base
• Dorsum: top part, upper part is bridge
• Nares/nostrils
• Ala: flap

pear shaped space at entrance of nose, bounded by nasal bones from above and maxilla laterally and below

• Nasal bone
• Frontal bone
• Ethmoid bone/cribiform plate
• Sphenoid body

• Maxilla (anterior)
• Palatine (posterior)

• Nasal bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Ethoid bone
• Inferior nasal concha/turbinate
• Palatine bone
• Medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid
• Maxilla bone

• Seperates right and left cavities
• Vomer
• Perpeindicular plate of ethmoid
• Septal cartilage

• Maxillary: largest, opens into hiatus semilunaris in middle meatus
• Frontal: single sinus on each side, opens into hiatus semilunaris in middle meatus
• Ethmoidal/labryrinthine sinus: air cells, anterior opens into ethmoidal bulla in middle meatus; posterior opens into unnamed opening in superior meatus
• Sphenoid: single on each side, opens into sphenoethmoidal recess in posterior to superior meatus

• 2 nasal cavities
• 2 tympanic cavities
• oral cavity
• larynx
• esophagus

• Torus tubarius: cartilage
• Salpingopalatine fold: from torus to soft palate
• Salpingopharyngeal fold: from torus to lateral wall of pharynx
• Torus levatorius: from other two folds to mouth of tube to soft palate
• Pharyngeal recess: sometimes holds lymphoid tissue
• Pharyngeal isthmus: opening from nasopharynx to oropharynx

• Raised area holding palatine tonsil in place
• Anterior pillar of fauces/palatoglossal arch: from palate to side of tongue, holds palatoglossus muscle
• Posterior pillar of faues/palatopharyngeal arch from soft palate to lateral pharynx, holds palatopharyngeal muscle

• Made of two flat plates - laminae in front and diverge in back
• Laryngeal prominence - fuse in front
• Superior thyroid notch - can be felt
• Superior horn - attaches via ligaments to hyoid
• Inferior horn - articulates with cricoid
• Oblique line - where strap muscles attach

• Upprt part is arch, posterior part is lamina
• Upper border articultes with arytenoid cartilages
• Lower part connected to trachea via cricotracheal ligament

• Pyramidal shape
• Base has two processes: vocal (attaches to vocal ligament) and muscular process (for muscles of larynx)

• Corniculate: on arytenoid cartilages
• Cuneiform: in aryepiglottic folds

• Elevators (above hyoid): thyrohyoid, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric (3 hyoids + 2gastric)
• Depressors: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid (O-hyoid-hyoid)

• Cricothyroid
• Arytenoideus
• Lateral criarytenoid
• Posterior criarytenoid
• Thyroarytenoid
• Vocalis
• (C-arytenoids-V)

ACTION: all adduct (except posterior cricoarytenoid that abducts)

INNERVATION: all supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve (except cricothyroid supplied by superior laryngeal nerve)

• From Vagus/CN X
• External: external to larynx, innervates cricothyroid
• Internal: pierces thyrothyoid membrane to supply sensory to mucus membrane linign larynx

• From Vagus/CN X
• Right recurrent -- loops around subclavian
• Left recurrent -- loops around aorta
• Both ascend to larynx in groove between esophagus and trachea

• Aditus/inlet: opening into larynx from laryngopharynx, closes respiratory tract from food & foreign bodies
• Vestibular folds: ligaments are false vocal cords, space between ligaments is rima vestibule (adducting vocal cords adducts these, increases intraabdominal pressure)

• The space on either side of larynx between vestibular fold and true vocal cords below
• Allows free movement of vocal cords
• True vocal cords: bound below, contain vocalis muscle and vocal ligaments
• Rima glottidis: space between the two true vocal cords, controls airstream

• One median glossoepiglottic fold attaches epiglottis to posterior tongue
• Two lateral glossoepiglottic folds attach epiglottis to pharynx
• Epiglottic valluclae are little ditches where saliva collects
• Important landmarks during intubation