com 252 review

Is a transactional process involving participants who occupy different but overlapping environments and create relationships through the exchange of messages, many which are affected by external, physiological, and psychological noise.

• -Quantitative definition: interaction between two people.
• -Qualitative definition: occurs when two people treat one another as unique individuals.

Communication between individuals that is conducted via technological channels such as emails, chat room, texting, and instant messages

• -physical health (people who are socially isolated catch common colds more, high blood pressure, obesity, die prematurely).
• - Identity needs- our sense of identity comes from the way we interact with other people and how they react to us(are we smart or stupid, attractive or ugly).
• - Social needs- pleasure, affection, companionship, escape, relaxation, and control

-Use the word communicator instead of sender and receiver (not in a back-and-forth manner)

• -Communication can be intentional or unintentional (principle)
• - Communication is irreversible (principle)
• - It is impossible not to communicate (principle)
• - Communication is unrepeatable (principle)
• - Content and relational dimensions (principle)
• - More communications is not always better (misconception)
• - Meanings are not in words (misconception)
• - Successful communication doesn’t always involve shared understanding (misconception)
• - No single person or event causes another’s reaction (misconception)
• - Communication will not solve all problems (miscomputation)

Behavior that treats others as objects rather than individuals.

• Ø Wide range of behaviors; example: a friend telling a racist joke
• Ø The ability to choice the most appropriate behavior (which skill will work best in certain situation)
• Ø Skill at performing behavior
• Ø Cognitive Complexity- the ability to construct a variety of framework for viewing an issue

The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself.

• Ø Biology
• Ø Reflected appraisal-develops a self-concept that reflect the way we believe others see us.
• Ø Social comparison: evaluating ourselves on how we compare to others.
• Ø Significant others: people opinions we especially value.
• Ø Reference groups: who we compare ourselves too.

• Ø Obsolete information
• Ø Distorted feedback
• Ø Perfection
• Ø Social expectations

• Communication strategies that people use to influence how others view them.
• o Private self: a reflection of the self- concept
• o Presenting self: is a public opinion the way we want others to view us.

• Ø Holding an expectation (for yourself or for others)
• Ø Behaving in accordance with that expectation
• Ø The expectation coming to pass
• Ø Reinforcing the original expectation

• Ø Having a realistic perception of yourself
• Ø Having realistic expectations
• Ø Having the will to change
• Ø Have the skill to change

Making sense of the world (we are exposed to more than we can take in).

• Ø Selection: which impression we will attend to
• o Example: we are attracted to someone who is taller or louder
• Ø Organization: arrange our perception in some meaningful way
• o Example: classifying people according to appearance, social roles, interaction style or traits.
• Ø Interpretation: interpreting events that make sense to us
• o Example: Someone smiling at you across the room is that person interested in romance or just being polite
• Ø Negotiation: Trying to achieve a shared perspective
• o Example: two fighting children (narratives).

• Ø Physiological influences: The senses, age, health and fatigue, hunger biological cycle
• Ø Cultural influences:
• o Collective vs. Individualistic
• Ø Social roles
• o Gender roles: how men and women are supposed to behave.
• · common tendencies that influence the accuracy or inaccuracies of our perceptions
• Ø We judge ourselves more charitably than others
• o Self-serving bias: we tend to judge ourselves in the most generous terms possible
• Ø We cling to the first impression
• o Halo effect: describe the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic.
• Ø We assume that others are similar to us
• o Example: constructive criticism to an instructor
• Ø We are influenced by the obvious
• o Example: when fighting blaming the one who lashes out first.

• Ø A better way to handle you interpretations
• o A description of the behavior you noticed.
• o At least two possible interpretations of behavior.
• o A request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior.

• Ø Personality
• Ø Culture
• Ø Gender
• Ø Social conventions

• Ø Facilitative: Emotions that contribute to effective emotions
• Ø Debilitative: emotions that prevent a person from functioning effectively.

• Ø Fallacy of Perfection: Communicator should be able to handle every situation.
• Ø Fallacy of Approval: vital to get approved by every person.
• Ø Fallacy of Should: the inability to distinguish between what is and what should be
• Ø Fallacy of Overgeneralization: based on limited information and exaggerate shortcomings.
• Ø Fallacy of Causation: emotions are caused by others rather than by one’s own self-talk.
• Ø Fallacy of Helplessness: satisfaction in life is determined by forces outside of you control.
• Ø Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations: if something bad can happen it will.

Ø There’s only an arbitrary connection between words and the ideas of things which they refer.

• Ø Semantic rules: reflect the way in which users of a language assign meaning to a particular linguistic symbol using a word.
• Ø Syntactic Rules: governing the grammar of language.
• Ø Pragmatic Rules: decide how to interpret messages in a given context.

Ø Statements that have more than one common definition.

Ø Gain their meaning by comparison (example: large or small school)

• Ø Abstract: is vague in nature (example: you need to have a better attitude).
• Ø Behavioral Language: specific things people say or do (example: you need to complain less about working overtime on weekends).

Ø Shape the way others thinks of us, the way we view ourselves, and the way we act.

• Ø Divergence: Communicators that want to set themselves away from others.
• Ø Convergence: adapting one’s speech style to match that of others.

• Ø Fact-opinion Confusion:
• Ø Fact-Inference Confusion (conclusion arrived at from an interpretation evidence)
• Ø Emotive Language: seems to describe something but describe the speakers attitude toward it.

• Ø “it” Statements: rejection to take responsibility for their beliefs or feelings
• Ø “But” Statements: explain why
• Ø “I” Statements”: accepting responsibility for a message
• Ø “you”: express a judgment on the other person

• Ø The other persons behavior
• Ø Your interpretation
• Ø Your feelings
• Ø The consequences that the other person’s behavior has for you.

• Ø Conversational style
• o Women speech is typically more indirect, elaborate and focused on relationship
• o Men speech is more direct, and task-oriented
• Ø Content
• o Female friends spent time discussing personal and domestic subjects, family, health, weight, food, and clothing.
• o Male friends discuss music, current events, sport, and business

• Ø Verbal communications styles
• o Low-content cultures value using language to express thoughts feelings, and ideas as directly as possible.High-content cultures value using language to maintain social harmony.

• Ø Linguistic relativism: that the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak.
• Ø Saphir-whorf hypothesis: Theory of linguistic relativity in which language shapes a culture’s perceived reality.

• Ø Nonverbal skills are vital
• o Nonverbal encoding and decoding skills are strong predictor of popularity, attractiveness, and social economic statues.
• Ø All behaviors have communication value
• Ø Nonverbal communication is relational
• Ø Identity management
• o Defines the kind of relationship we want to have with others
• o Different between face-to-face and CMC behavior.

• Ø Relational: smiling a lot when you are attracted to someone at a party
• Ø Content: street officer using hand motions to direct traffic

• Ø Repeating: Giving directions and they repeating them with your hand movements
• Ø Complementing: nonverbal behaviors match the thoughts and emotions the communicator is expressing linguistically.
• Ø Substituting: when communicators are reluctant to express their feelings. (example: rolling your eyes, or yarning when speaking out will be inappropriate)
• Ø Accenting: using certain words with the voice (example: pointing your finger)
• Ø Regulating: influence the flow of verbal communication
• Ø Contradicting: contradicting messages in their verbal and nonverbal messages. (example: with a red face saying no I am not angry)
• Ø Chronemics: Study how humans use and structure time.

• Ø Kinesics: body position and motion (example: posture, gestures, and facial expressions).
• Ø Proxemics: study the way people and animals use space (distance and territory)
• Ø Appearance: how we look send messages to people
• Ø Haptic: Study of touching

• Ø Gender
• o Women smile more, use more facial expressions, touch other more, stand closer to others, and make more eye contact
• Ø Culture
• o Monochronic: emphasizing punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time.
• o Polychronic: with flexible schedules in which multiple task our pursued at the same time.

• Ø Intimate
• Ø Personal
• Ø Social
• Ø Public distance

• Ø Illustrators: movement that accompany speech
• Ø Emblems: known nonverbal behaviors (example: the nodding of the head means yes).
• Ø Adaptors: unconscious body movements (example: shivering when it’s cold).Manipulators: a sign of discomfort (example: fidgeting).