Microbiology Test 1

Line of bacteria

grape cluster of bacteria

• species= pestis
• genus= yersinia

Cytoplasma, DNA and Ribosomes

Cell walls, endospores, capsules and plasma DNA

• They don’t have cholesterol but hopanoids,
• some bacterias have lipidpolysaccirids instead of phospholipid .

• It’s function is to help prevent bursting from
• osmotic pressure (they are usually in hypotonic enviroment)

• Pretty much all bacterium have it except one bacterium
• called mycroplasma they have more hyponoid protecting them.

Beta 1, 4 link

postive

• The bind to magnesium ions and help bring them into the cell
• which helps them replicate DNA.

Lipoteichoic acid helps anchor peptidoglycan to the cell.

Stimulates immune response.

• Techoic acid don’t go through the cell wall they are
• closer to the surface of the bacteria while a lipoteichoic acid goes from the surface all the way through the cell wall down to the plasma membrane.

• – it’s the space between the outer membrane and the
• inner membrane (you can find binding protiens, p-glycans and hydrolytic enzymes (breaks down nutrient molecule) found in gram negative

• Gram negative.
• They help anchor the outter membrane to the p-
• glycan, helps transport molecules through outter membrane.

• Gram negative
• helps with immune response ( 2 parts to this one, Lipid A anchors it and then sugar that makes up the strand) and it makes up the second part of the bilayer.

Lipid A and then the polysaccharide chain

Polysaccharides or polypeptid

• A huge mass of bacteria that are growing in one place
• that have a slime layer

• Chromosomal is all the genes for survival every bacterium has one
• The extra space between chromosomal is plasma DNA
• Only some bacteria has plasma DNA, plasma DNA isn’t needed to survive but might provide a advantage (ex. Antibiotic resistant)
• The cells that do have plasma DNA have more then one piece of plasma DNA and some of these can be exchanged.

The region where the bacterial DNA is located

• Extreme heat (105 C)
• Drying
• UV radiation

When the cell is stress it starts to create the endospore

When the endospore wakes up to become a regular bacterium

• Dipicolinic acid- calcium complex helps protect the DNA and dehydrates the cell
• SAPS are attached to the DNA to help stabilize it and they serve as a nutrient source when they are germinating
• Receptors for germination outside the protein coat that senses the enviroment

The receptors outside the endospore senses for sugar and amino acids in the enviroment

They are heat stable protiens so it’s hard for the heat to unfold the protein that makes up the amino acids. The R groups in the amino acids are in the middle and are highly hydrophobic so it’s hard to unfold the proteins

• It has heat stable DNA which means that the sugar phosphate bond is super inforced with another bond not found in other bacteria.
• It is also very compact DNA which helps it not get denatured. There are protiens that bind to the DNA that helps it compact the DNA.

There is going to be more reinforced with physically connected and covalently linked bilayer membrane. There hydrophobic tails are double bonded hydrogen bonds unlike regular bacteria.

uses organic molecules as a electron source (green box first part)

Uses inorganic moleciles as a electron source (green box first part)

Uses a inorganic molecule as a electron acceptor with O2 present

Uses inorganic molecule without O2 for a electron acceptor

Uses organic molecules for an electron acceptor no O2 needed

uses organic molecules as a carbon source

uses inorganic molecules as a acarbon source (like CO2)

makes NADH, somes ATP, smaller carbon containing molecules used as building blocks

makes NADPH and smaller carbon containing molecules used as building blocks

Takes glycolysis leftovers to make NADH, FADH2 some ATP and small carbon containing molecules. (uses O2) CO2 is a by product

(from glycolysis) AA which can make proteins

fatty acids which is used for lipids in cell membranes (Found in the end of glycolysis beginning of citric acid cycle)

more AA which can make protein

the 5 carbon can make Ribose which makes nucleotide which makes nucleic acid

(curcles milk ect) Add a H from the NADH onto the pyruvic acid and you have lactic acid.

From pyruvic acid take away a carbon and make CO2 the other 2 carbons and a H from the NADH and you got ethanol

Both pyruvic acids give a carbon to CO2 the pair or 2 carbons combine into 4 carbons, add a H from the NADH becomes butanediol

different variations of pyruvic acid that dont make butanediol, ethanol, or lactic acid

uses H2o as electron source it just adds P to ADH and uses ATP synthesis

H2S or H2 is used as a electron source. the NADPH, P and CO2 all go to the calvin cycle to create ATP

Uses H2S or H2 is used as a electron source. It goes through reverse cytric acid cycle. So it doesnt use NADPH just ferredoxin; the P and CO2 goes into the reverse CAC. Acetyl CoA is a by product that is eventually made into glucose.

Some C-lithiotrophs use it as a energy source and plants and algae use it as a nitrogen source. It's by products are to make amino acids and nucleic acids and to makes NO2 to make NO3.

Some bacteria use it as a nitrogen source. the by products are to make NH3 to make amino acids to make nucleic acid.

Some anaerobic respirators use it as a final electron acceptor. The by products are NH2/N2

Some anaerobic respirators use it as a final electron acceptor; it can be used as a nitrogen source from bacteria, plants and algae. the by products are NO2 to make NH3/N2 and amino acids and nucleic acids.

Converts N2 into a form that stays in the soil and it is only odne by prokaryotes

converting different types of nitrogen so that other bacteria can use it

The H2N from plant amino acids is removed

The H2N from a plant amino acids is taken off and is made into ammonia

Converting NO3 to N2 gas

Can only use O2 as a final electron acceptor

cannot ise O2 as a final electron acceptor

Can use O2 or non-O2 molecules as a final electron acceptor, can live with or without O2 (ex. E. Coli)

Cannot use O2 as a final electron acceptor but can survive exposure to O2 (they have enzymes that protect the cell from the O2 radicals)

can only use O2 as a final electron acceptor but dies if exposed to too much O2

Have their opticmuim betwween -5C and 15C (found in antartica and glacier lakes)

Optimum is 20-30C but grow well at lower temperatures (important for food spoilage)

Optimim is 45-70C (found in hot springs and water heaters)

When the bacteria run out of nutrients

when the bacteria are getting ready for the big growth (creating protiens ect.)

When the bacteria are reproducing exponentially

When death and reproduction is equal