Chapter 13 Trace Minerals

A loss of bone:

1. Type I -- a loss of spongy bone, produces sudden breaks

2. Type II -- a slow loss of both compact and spongy bone

• age
• sex
• race
• activity
• smoking
• alcohol
• nutrition

ferrous: iron with a +2 charge

ferric: iron with a +3 charge

• Iron:
• aids electron transport proteins
• it's in hemoglobin and myoglobin
• it is required for making amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters
• Mucosal Ferritin: can store iron in intestinal cells

deficiency: causes anemia, restlessness, fatigue, headaches, feeling cold, or pica (crave unusual substances)

toxicity: (6 x RDA) = weakness, hair loss, joint pain, enlarged liver, impotence

good sources: meat and green vegetables

iron absorption improved by: vitamin C, organic acids, sugar

iron absorption inhibited by: fiber, calcium, phosphorous, additive EDTA and tannic acid (tea, chocolate, etc.)

a genetic defect in which the intestine excessively absorbs iron. It leads to arthirtis, loss of body hair, amenhorrea, impotence, heart failure, and liver cancer.

Zinc

- required by over 100 enzymes

- participates in enteropancreatic circulation (absorbed from the intestines, to the blood stream, and travles to the pancreas, pancrease puts it into enzymes, and squirts enzymes into intestines)

can be stored with a protein called metallothionein

transported around the body by albumin

deficiency: slow growth, decreases pancreatic function, thyroid function, and immune system function, and vitamin A decreases (metabolism of Vit-A)

Toxicity (50 mg) : produces atherosclerosis and degeneration of cardiac muscle

good sources: meat, eggs, whole grains.

Iodine

required for Thyroid hormones (controls energy level in the body)

deficiency: goiter (enlarged thyroid), fatigue, weight gain

toxicity (1100 micrograms): goiter

good sources: seafood, iodized salt, dairy, and bread

Copper

required by enzymes that deal with oxygen radicals

deficiency: causes anemia, slow growth, slow metabolism

toxicity (10mg): vomiting, diarrhea, and liver damange

good sources: beans, peas, grains, nuts, seafood

Manganese

required by enzymes in metabolism

deficiency: causes slow growth

toxicity (11mg): causes brain disorder

good sources: nuts, grains, and leafy vegetables

Fluorine

strengthens bones and teeth

deficiency: tooth decay

toxicity (10mg) tooth discoloration, itching, nausea, diarrhea and chest pain

good sources: water and seafood

Chromium

required for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. and it works with insulin

deficiency: diabetes-like symptoms

toxicity: causes nose bleeds, headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and liver failure

good sources: meats, whole grains, nuts and cheese

Selenium

helps prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids

helps activate thyroid hormones

deficiency: causes heart disease

toxicity (400 micrograms): produces vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and skin and nervous system damage

good sources: meat and grains

Molybdenum

requrired by various enzymes in the body

deficiency: unknown

toxicity (2mg): causes reproductive problems, kidney damage, and gout-like symptoms

good sources: grains, milk, liver and legumes

• poor coordination
• poor hearing
• poor concentration and memory
• learning disabilities
• slow growth and reaction time
• behavior problems
• anemia
• high blood pressure and seizures

• ground up bone
• calcium is poorly absorbed
• have Pb in them

• seaweeds
• high in iodine
• eat them in a salad
• has small amounts of arsenic and carcinogens

freeze dried pond scum