2. proliferation: chrondrocytes multiply, and arrage in columns
3.hypertrophy: chrondrocytes being to hypertrophy (enlarge), become engulfed in lacunae
4. calcification: minerals deposited, calcify the cartliage
5. deposition: chrondrocytes die, create channels, blood vessels and marrow invade, osteoblasts build bone, and osteoclasts remove calcified cartliage.
bone ______ is similar to the process of intramembranous ossification.
widening
what are the two main steps of bone remodeling? What is occuring at each step?
1. Deposition: osteoblast builds bone at the stress point, so there is more bone mass.
2. reabsorbtion: osteoclasts remove matrix not used
why do childern have smoother bones than adults?
adults bear more weight, and muscle strain, so there is more stress in the adults bones, which creates lines
Put the following steps of bone healing in order, then describe what is occuring at each step: hard callus formation, bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation.
1. hematoma formation: Blood clots, capillary and cells invade the clot converting it to a fiborous mass called granulation tissue
2. soft callus formation: deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage converts granulation tissue into a soft callus
3. hard callus formation: Osteoblasts deposit a temporary boney collar around the fracture to unite the broken pieces, becomes a "splint" 4-6 weeks
4. bone remodeling: small bone fragments removed by osteoclasts, while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone, then convert it to compact bone. 3-4 months, buldge
the disorder that is described as the loss of bone density, often brittle and break easily break, and bones and porous is called:
osteoporosis
the disorder that is described as a curveature of the spine, to the side where the sholders look uneven is called:
scoliosis
the disorder that is described as the superior curveature of the spine as a result of old age is known as :
kyphosis
the disorder that is described as curveature of the spine as a result of weight that pulls the spine forward due to pregnacy of obesity is called
lordosis
Cartilage growth from within, by the multiplication of chrondrocytes and depsoition of new matirx in the interior (zones of metaphysis, bone enlongation) is called:
interstitial growth
When repairing a bone fracture, in which stage do osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of fibrocartilage?
D.
Bones continually grow throughout life in diameter and thickness in a process called:
appositional growth
The prececursor of bone in fetal developement that develops connective tissue, in the middle is called:
mesenchyme
Outline the general process of Intramembranous Ossification:
1. embryonic connective tissue condenses, dense supply of blood capillaries, mesenchyme enlarge, differentiate into osteogenic cells, form trabeculae.
2. Osteogenic cells differentate into osteoblasts, cells deposit soft collagenous tissue, calcium phosphate is deposited, osteoblasts become trapped in matrix, now become osteocytes.
3. osteoblasts contiune deposit minerals, produce boney trabeculae, osteoclasts resorb, remodel to form marrow cavity.
4. trabecluea at surface calcify, converting to compact bone to produce flat bones
The cartilage of the epiphyseal plate is generally consumed by which age? (0.5pts)
2 years
early teens
early twenties
mid thirties
never
early twenties
The conversion of cartilage to bone at the metaphysis occurs during which process?
appositional growth
intramembranous ossification
bone/fracture repair
bone remodeling
interstitial growth
interstitial growth
The flat bones of the skull are developed via which process?
intramembranous ossification
bone elongation
appositional growth
endochondrial ossification
intramembranous ossification
The inorganic matter of bone tissue is primarily __________, which provides __________ to bone.
osteogenic cells; stem cells
collagen and glycoproteins; flexibility
hydroxyapatite and other minerals; structural support
bone marrow; blood cells
blood vessels and nerves; nourishment
hydroxyapatite and other minerals; structural support
The organic matter of bone tissue matrix is made primarily of _________, which provides __________ to bone.
collagen and glycoproteins; flexibility
blood vessels and nerves; nourishment
osteogenic cells; stem cells
hydroxyapatite and other minerals; structural support
bone marrow; blood cells
collagen and glycoproteins; flexibility
_____________ are bone forming cells, whereas _____________ are bone dissolving cells.
List three bones that would form by intramembranous ossification:
clavicle, skull,
Outline the general process of endchondral ossification:
1. mesenchyme develops into a body of hyaline cartilage surrounded by perichondrium
2. boney collar (periosteum) is formed by ostoblasts
3. chondrocytes die, forming what will eventually be marrow cavity
4. Matrix in middle of bone calcifies
5. blood vessels invade marrow cavity
6. osteoblasts form from newly arrving stem cells
7. ostoblasts build bone
8. osteoclasts remove cartilage debris.
List bones that form from endochondral ossification:
vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvic girdle, and bones of the limbs
Which spinal curvature is characterized by developmental thoracic curvature?
D.
Endochondrial ossification:
C.
Bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface are called:
D.
Spongy bone formation includes a honeycomb formation of structures known as:
B.
The fibrous layer of collagen surrounding the exterior of bone is called:
A.
the region of transistion from cartilage to bone is called:
A.
The presence of an epiphyseal plate means:
A.
Which of the following is a mature bone cell that appears to be responsible for the overall supervision of bone maintenance?
B)
Which large multinucleate cells found in bones secrete enzymes to reabsorb matrix?
D)
Immature bone cells that are largely responsible for building boney matrix are called ________________.
A)
Blood cells develop in which region of a bone?
B)
In which of the histological zones of a developing long bone would you find osteoclasts?
D)
Which bone develops by intramembranous ossification?
D)
The first step in making a long bone such as the femur is
D)
Which of the following is not one of the steps of bone fracture healing?
E)
The shaft of the long bone is called the:
diaphysis
The head of a long bone is called the:
epiphysis
A covering at the joint surface of the bone is called:
articular cartilage
the bone feature that lines the inside of the marrow cavity is called the:
endosteum
the bone feature that covers the external surface of the bone is called the:
periosteum
Stem cells of bones, that become osteoblasts are called:
ostogenic cells
Bone forming cells are called:
osteoblasts
Bone cells that were former osteoblasts that sit inside lacunae, and extend into the canaliculli to communicate, and pass nurtirents and wates, and are criticle in bone remolding is called:
osteocytes
Bone cells that are multinucleate, and are involved in bone dissolving and bone reabosorbtion of minerals are called: