Chapter 40

Is an individual living animal or plant that is so small that it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.

Most of these do not cause disease under normal conditions.

Organisms that are present all or most of the time in and on the body are said to be

The scientific study of microorganisms is

Billions of species of microorganisms exist in nature. Most are beneficial and some microorganisms causes disease-producing agents and are harmful are called

the ability to utilize nutrients

the ability to group together to form colonies or the ability of individual cells to become larger

a response to the environment

the ability to move from place to place

such as spores, mutation, development of drug-resistant strains

As the bacteria reproduce, they form groups of many millions of individual cells, collectively called

Certain environmental factors affect the ____ of microorganisms.

Microorganisms that require oxygen for growth is

cannot suvive in the presence of oxygen

organisms can live in either the presence or absence of oxygen

a key ingredient for microbial growth is the presence of

microorganisms also require other chemical elements such as

Some microorganisms make their own food from raw materials, such as ____. Others must fine their nutrient ready-made.

are microorganisms that live on or within another living being (the host).

live off the organic remains of dead plants and animals, and most are fungi and bacterial.

The temperature at which a specific microorganisms grows best is its

Cold temperatures often significantly ____ the growth of microorganisms.

High temperatures usually ____ most microorganisms. Steam sterilization and boiling water are two common techniques used to kill pathogenic microorganisms.

All microorganisms require ____ to grow.

Microorganisms survive only in environments with a pH that is

Some microorganism need ____ to grow, but others flourish in ____.

Are used to identify the organism and, in the case of a pathogen, to determine ways in which to arrest the growth of the pathogen.

Cultures are usually grown in test tubes or on small, flat, covered plastic plates called Petri dishes. The material in or on which the microorganisms are placed is the

Solid media contain ____, which is obtained from the form of seaweed.

Liquid media are called

Culture media msut start out ____ for a valid study.

This test is ordered when infection is suspected or known.

The C&S test serves the following purposes:

The culture and sensitivity report will indicate:

The report will indicate the various antibiotics (if any) to which the organism to sensitive.

This refers to a general grouping and is listed first

defines a biologically unique category and is the second name

Microorganisms fall into a numver of large groups

the many types of ___ resemble plant cells and rarely cause human disease.

include the single-celled yeasts and the nulticellular molds.

an infection caused by a fungus is

known as "ring-worm" due to ring-shaped lesions

is the study of fungus

yeast cells reproduce by a process called

when yeasts metabolize sugars in the absence of oxygen, a chemical change called ____ occurs, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide.

a example of a pathogenic yeasts is ____ which causes the disease known as thrush.

multicellular ____ are common in the environment

this gives molds their characteristic colors

Infections caused by molds include ____, which affects the lungs.

singled-celled microorganisms visible under an ordinary laboratory microscope.

protozoa can reproduce ____ and generally live in a moisture-rich environment.

most protozoa are nonpathogenic, but amoebic dysentery is called by ____, which forms ulcers in the colon and attacks red blood cells

Malaria is caused by protozoan known as ____

____ causes vaginal infection in women and urinary tract infection in men. Transmitted from an infected individual to an uninfected partner by sexual intercourse.

Many of the microbes studied in relation to illness are in the scientific category known as

Organisms with a true nucleus enclosed b a nuclear membrande and containing chromosomes that divide by mitosis are called

it has been discovered that the prokaryotes are divided into two distinct categories

bacteria are primarily ____, although certain other forms do exists.

In all prokaryotes, except the mycoplasmas, the ____ is unbound and has no nuclear membrane.

Prokaryotes that can live at very cold temperatures are called

Prokaryotes that lives in room temperature or body temperature are called

Prokaryotes that live at very high temperatures are called

Cell walls showing a puple color are

The stain is not retained, and the organism looks pink

fairly long protein filaments on the cell surface.

Flagella provide the cell with the ability to move by "swimming" motion called ____ or spontaneous movement.

The attachment of flagella at one or both ends of the organism is called

If the flagella are distributed over the entire surface of the organism, this is known as

Prokaryotes demostrate specific tactic behavior. The can move toward or away from light

Prokaryotes demonstrate specific tactic behavior, a response to oxygen

Prokaryotes demonstrate specific tactic behavior, to a magnetic field

refers to the ability to swim to a useful food source or nutrient or to swim away from harmful substances.

are short, hair-like projections on the surface of the cell, and are made up of protein.

More pili will provide adherence to the surface of the cell. This is a major factor in bacterial virulence, which allows pathogens to attach to body tissues and colonize into groups. It also allows bacteria to resist attack by the body's defense white blood cells

bacteria may be classified according to

cocci in form of pairs

cocci in form of clusters

cocci in chains

Many bacteria are able to cause disease. To be pathogenic, bacteria must possess the following characteristics

the bacteria pseudomonas is responsible for ____ (pusforming)

staphylococcus aureus is an organism normally found on the skin of healthy people and is not normally pathogenic. However, in certain situations it is considered ____, and becomes pathogenic, and will cause an illness in a person with a compromised immune system or an open wound.

nosocomial infection risk factors for clients in healthcare facilities include

organisms that commonly cause nosocomial infections

are protein covered sacs containing the genetic material of either DNA or ribonucleic (RNA) and other organic materials.

when a virus enters the cell of a living organism,the virus's nuclear material is

A virus must use the host's ability to make protein and energy because the virus itself lacks the capacity to carry on

microbiologists use the term ____ to describe the spsecific cause of a disease.

diseases caused by the spread of one person to another

diseases are communicable diseass that are transmitted to many individuals quickly and easily

when a large number of people in the same area are infected in a relatively short time, the disease is said to be

any place where microorganism can survive before moving to a place where it can multiply

chain of infection

cause harmful effects by traveling through the circulatory system to damage other body cells

are part of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. when the bacteria dies, the cell wall decays and releases the toxins

are toxins manufactured by the microorganism and excreted into the surrounding tissue

the first stage is the ____, the time from when the pathogen enters the body to the appearance of the first symptoms of llness.

the second phase ___ stage, the period from the onset of initial symptoms to more severe symptoms.

the third phase is the full stage of ____. during this period, the symptoms are acute nd specific to the type of infection.

the final stage is the ____ stage, the acute symptoms of the infection subside and the person recovers.

the ability of some species of microorganisms to live together is called

one species of microorganism prevents the growth or actually destroys members of another species is called