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basic building block of matter
atom
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3 classes of matter
elements, compounds, mixtures
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what is an element?
made up of all one kind of atom (atoms may exist singly or bonded to each other to form molecules)
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examples of elements
helium, oxygen, fluorine, nitrogen, hydrogen, neon...
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what is a compound?
made up of molecules whose atoms are different. these atoms must be bonded together in a specific ratio
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examples of compounds
CO2, CO, H2O, NaCl, C6H12O6, HCl
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what is a mixture?
units (atoms or molecules) are not bonded to each other. units are different.
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what are the three types of mixtures?
solutions, colloids, heterogeneous
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what would the units of a mixture of elements be?
atoms
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what would the unit of a mixture of compounds be?
molecules
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what types of matter are homogeneous?
elements and compounds and sometimes mixtures
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what types of matter are heterogeneous?
mixtures
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homogeneous mixtures are also called what?
solutions
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characteristics of homogeneous mixtures
units are evenly distributed throughout & particles are too small to scatter light
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characteristics of suspensions
units almost evenly distributed, called colloid, particles bigger, scatter light, cloudy
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characteristics of heterogeneous mixtures
units not evenly distributed, particle size irrelevant
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what is a solution made up of?
solute and solvent
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what is a solute?
substance present in lesser amounts (stuff being dissolved)
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what is a solvent?
substance present in greater amounts (stuff doing the dissolving)
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gas in gas mixtures
solution: air (O2, N2, CO2, Ar)
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heterogeneous: radon and nitrogen (radon sinks)
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gas in a liquid mixture
solutions: carbonated beverages
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colloids: carbonated beverages
foams- whipped cream & shaving cream
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gas in a solid mixture
colloid: solid foam-marshmallow
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liquid in gas mixture
colloid: fog
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liquid in liquid mixture
solution: ethyl alcohol & water
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colloid: emulsions- mayo, homogenized milk
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heterogeneous: vinegar and oil, milk from a cow
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liquid is a solid mixture
heterogeneous: water in shortening
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solid in gas mixture
colloid: smoke, smog
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solid in liquid mixture
solutions: salt in water, sugar in water
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colloids: paint, ink, hemoglobin in the blood, protoplasm
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heterogeneous: sand and water
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solid in solid mixture
solutions: brass- zinc and copper, sterling silver- solver and copper
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heterogeneous: iron and sulfur, gold and silver
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most elements and compounds found in nature are what?
mixtures
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physical properties
shape, mass, size, state (solid, liquid, gas), density, color, volume, texture, melting point, boiling point, hardness, luster, odor, taste, magnetism, malleability, ductility, conductivity, pH
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chemical properties
proportions, kind of atom, flammability, angles of atoms, type of substance that it will react of combine with, reactivity, ineRT, corrosive, caustics, cooking
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what is a physical change?
alters appearance but not composition of matter
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what is a chemical change?
bonds are broken, and new ones formed. there is a change in composition of the matter. need a chemical reaction before you can have a chemical change. individual atoms retain their identity
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physical changes
cutting, molding, dissolving, melting, evaporating, boiling, condensation, freezing, crystallizing, deposition, sublimation, hammering, slicing, solubility
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chemical changes
burning, rusting, acid corroding metals
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result of a particle emission
atomic number decreases two, atomic mass decreases 4
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result of � particle emission
atomic number increased by one, atomic mass stays the same
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result of ? ray
atomic number and atomic mass stay the same
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result of electron capture
atomic number decreases by one, atomic mass stays the same
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result of positron emission
atomic number decreased by one atomic mass stays the same
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if you have too many neutrons, what decay is used?
�
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if you have too many protons, what decay is used?
a
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40 -what number is mass number & what
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C number is atomic number?
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what is miscible?
soluble
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chromatography
PHYSICAL separation of a mixture based on adsorption, solubility of a solute in a solvent, and movement of a mobile phase on a stationary phase
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mobile phase
the phase that moves
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stationary phase
the phase that remains still
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solute
the substance in a solution that is present in the least amounts (the solid part, the substance that gets dissolved)
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solvent
the substance in a solution that is present in the greatest amounts (the liquid part, the substance that does the dissolving)
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absorb
particles of one substance move into and occupy spaces in between the particles of another substance
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adsorb
particles of one substance attract and stick to the particles of another substance
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solubility
the amount of a substance that dissolves in a particular solvent at a particular temerature
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dissolving is accompanied by what other change?
energy changes
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adsorption coefficient
if it is low, it means the substances do not stick together with much strength. if it is high, it means the substances stick together tightly
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Rf=?
distance traveled by solute/ distance traveled by solvent
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