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CNS
Central Nervous System
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PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
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ANS
Autonomic Nervous System
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Two types of cells found in the nervous system are called?
Neurons and glia
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Glia
Specialized connective tissue
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Neuron consists of three parts what are they?
Cell body, dendrites, and axon
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Dendrites
Projections that transmit impulses to the cell body
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Axon
Processes that transmit impulses away from the cell body
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What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory, motor, and interneurons
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Sensory Neurons
- Transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all over the body.
- Also called afferent neuron.
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Motor Neurons
- Transmit impulses in the opposite direction of the brain and spinal cord. Conduct impulses to muscle and glandular epithelial tissue.
- Also called efferent neurons.
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Interneurons
- Conduct impilses from sensory neurons to motor neurons.
- Sometimes called central or conducting neurons.
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Myelin
White fatty substance formed by Schwann cells surround some axons.
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Nodes of Ranvier
Found between Schwann cells.
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Neurilemma
Outer cell membrane of Schwann cell.
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What holds the functioning neurons together and protects them?
Glia (neuroglia)
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Glioma
Common type of brain tumor.
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Astrocytes
- Large glia that look like stars.
- They attach to neurons and sm blood vessels holding the structures close together.
- Form a two layer structure called BBB.
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BBB
- Blood-brain Barrier
- Seperates blood tissue and nervous tissue from harmful chemicals that might be in the blood.
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Microglia
- Smaller than astrocytes.
- Act as micro-eating scavengers.
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Oligodendrocytes
- Help hold nerve fibers together.
- Produce fatty myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
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Schwann Cells
Glial cells that form myelin sheaths in the PNS.
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Nerves
Group of axons bundled together.
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Tracts
- Bundles of axons in CNS.
- Myelinated and form white matter of the brain and cord.
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Gray Matter
Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.
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Endoneurim
Thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue on a axon.
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Fascicles
Group of wrapped axons.
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Perineurium
Is a thin fibrous that surrounds a fascicle.
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Epineurium
Tough fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve.
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Action Potential
Nerve impulses.
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Neuron Pathways
Routes that nerve impulses travel.
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Reflec Arc
Specialized type of neuron pathway.
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Receptors
Beginning of dendrites of sensory neurons.
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Gandlion
Group of nerve-cell bodies located in the PNS.
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Synapse
Microscopic space that seperates the axon ending of one neuron from dendrites of another.
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Effectors
Muscles or glands.
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Reflex
Response to impulse conduction over a reflex arc.
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Withdrawl Reflex
Three-neuron arc reaction.
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Saltatory Conduction
Impulse travel that is much faster than is possible in nonmyelinated sections.
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Presynaptic Neuron
Synapse is the place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron.
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Postsynaptic Neuron
Impulses transmitted from one neuron to another.
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Three structures make up a synapse what are they?
- Synaptic knob
- Synaptic cleft
- Plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
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Synaptic Knob
Tiny bulge at the end of terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon.
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Neurotransmitter
Are chemicals by which neurons communicate.
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Synaptic Cleft
Space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron.
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Acetylcholine
Substance that is released at some of the synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions.
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Meninges
Protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
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Medulla Oblongata
Consists of gray and white matter.
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Reticular formation
- Is in the medulla Oblongata.
- Bits of gray matter mix closely with white matter.
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Diencephalon
- Small but important part of the brain located between the midbrain and below the cerebrum above.
- Consists of hypothamlumus and thalamus.
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Hypothalamus
- Located below thalamus
- Produces hormones that the posterior pituitary gland secretes into the blood.
- Maintains body's water balance, body temp
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ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
Affects the volume of urine excreted.
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Thalamus
- Helps produce sensations
- It associates sensations with emotions
- Plays a part in the arousal or alerting mechanism
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Cerebellum
- Second largest part of the brain.
- Outer layer-gray matter
- Inner layer-white matter
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Cerebrum
- Largest and uppermost part of the brain
- Ridges are called gyri
- Function:consciousness, thinking, memory,sensation,emotions
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Cerebral Nuclei
- Also known as basal ganglia
- Essential for producing automatic movements and posture
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Spinal Tracts
- Columns of white matter form outer portion of spinal cord
- Bundles of myelinated nerve fibres
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Ascending Tracts
conduct impulses up the cord to the brain
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Descending Tracts
Conduct impulses down the cord from the brain.
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Spinal Cord Reflexes
Result from conduction over arcs whose centers lie in the spinal cord
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Anesthesia
Loss of sensation
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Paralysis
Loss of the ability to make voluntary movements.
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Dura Mater
Tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal
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Pia Mater
Innermost membrane covering the spinal cord itself.
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Arachnoid Mater
Membrane between the dura and the pia mater.
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Choroid Plexus
Network of brain capillaries
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Hydrocephalus
Water on the brain
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The PNS includes what?
Cranial and spinal nerves
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Cranial Nerve
- 12 pairs
- Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final A Good Vacation Seems Heavenly
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Dermatomes
Skin surface areas that are supplied by a single nerve
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ANS consists of?
- Cardiac muscle tissue
- Smooth muscle tissue
- Glandular epithelial tissue
- Composed of sympathetic system and parasympathetic system
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Preganglionic Neurons
- Autonomic neurons
- Conduct impulses between spinal cord and ganglion
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Postganglionic Neurons
Conduct impulses from a ganglion to cardiac muscle, smooth muslce, or glandular epithelial tissue
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Autonomic or Visceral Effectors
Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses.
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Sympathetic Preganglion Neurons
Dendrites and cell bodies in gray matter of thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
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Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons
Have dendrites and cell bodies in sympathetic ganglia
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