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Devolution
The delegating of power and programs from the federal government down to state and local governemt
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Political Culture
The attitudes values and beliefs that people hold toward government
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Sunbelt
Unofficial region of the US, generally consisting of the south and west
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Frostbelt
unofficial region of the US, generally consisting of the northeast and midwest. (Rustbelt)
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Unitary System
all government authority is derived from one central government
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Confederation
Sovereign states and limited central government....less independent powers of the central government.
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Federal System
Power is divided between the central government and regional states
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Madisons Federalist 45
Madisons argument that states will not be endangered by the central government, and in fact will be an advantage for the states by the proposed constitution
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Federalist 17
People will relate more with their local governments than with a national governent. Will be easier for the states to encroach upon national government, than the national government to encroach upon state governments
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Enumerated Powers
Powers given to the government listed in the constitution.
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Implied Powers
Powers not directly granted to the government in the constitution, but rather inferred from enumerated powers
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Reserved Powers
Powers residing with the states by virtue of the 10th Amendment
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National Supremacy Clause
Article IV of the Constitution, makes national laws superior to state laws
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Necessary and Proper Clause
Portion of Constitution that grants congress power to enact all laws necessary and proper to carry out responsibilities
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Commerce Clause
gives congress power to regulate trade with foreign countries and among states
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14th Amendment
Citizenship rights, due process, and equal protection that states must apply to all citizens
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Federal Pre-emption
Principle that national laws take precedence over state laws
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Grants in aid
transferring of funds from the national government to state governments
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Categorical grant
grant used for a narrowly defined purpose
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Formula Grant
makes funding available automatically. for reasons such as poverty level, unemployment...etc
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Block Grant
broad based grant....can be used anywhere such as healthcare or transportation
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Federal Mandate
where states must take action in a certain functional area but the federal government does not foot the bill or only foots part of the bill
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McCulloch v. Maryland
Granted Implied powers to the national government. When the state of Maryland tried to tax a natiional bank that was in Maryland.
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Model State Constitution
An ideal structure of a state constitution whichh emphasizes brevity and function of responsibility of government. Developed by the National Municiple League.
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Methods for Constitutional change
Informal Method: Interpretation, Judicial Review
Formal: Ratification, Legislative Proposal, direct initiative, and indirect initiative
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Forms that Participation might take
Active or Passive
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Open v. Closed Primaries
Open Primary : voters decide which primary they will participate in
Closed Primary: Only voters registered in the party are allowed to participate
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General Elections
Election in which the winner becomes an office holder
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Motor / voter Law
A law enacted that makes it easier to register to vote by allowing people who register for a drivers licence can also register to vote
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15th Amendment
Prohibits government from denying citizens the right to vote
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19th Amendment
Prohibits government to deny the right to vote based on sex, race, ethnicity...etc
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Smith v. Allwright 1944
Outlawed white primaries
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Voting rights act of 1965
Broke segregation in voting and gave federal government the right to monitor state and local electoral operations
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Primary Elections
Selects party nominees to compete in general elections
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Blanket Primary
voter can vote for candidates of both parties in single election
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Social Capital
promotes greater civic involvement in elections
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Run-off election
kind of like a tie breaker to a first election where neither candidtate received a majority vote
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Coattail Effect
where a presidential candidate can affect the fortunes of state candidates of the same party
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Off year Elections
State elections held during the years in which no presidential election is held
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e-government
Where government is brought to citizens through means of the internet
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Volunteerism
when individuals or groups donate money to a public purpose
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Slating groups
Nonpartisan political organizations that endorse and promote a slate of candidates
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Political socialization
study of process by which children and adolescents aquire political cognition
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Intruments of Direct Democracy
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
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Single issue Groups
groups that focus on one issue like the NRA.
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527 Groups
Independent organizations that are not bound by state laws on how much money they can contribute to a candidate
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PAC
Political Action Committee raise and distribute campaigne funds to candidates
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Political Efficacy
citizens trust and faith in government and their own beleif that the can influence goernment
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Paid Media
ads created and paid for by the campaigne
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Free Media
unsolicited stories covered by the media
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Soft Money
unregulated funds contributed to national political parties
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