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What does the musculoskeletal system provide?
- protection
- support
- movement for the body
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function of bones
- formation of blood cells
- storage of fat in bone marrow
- storage and release of minerals (Ca2+)
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musculoskeletal
pertaining to the muscles and skeleton
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orthopedics
- branch of medicine involved in prevention and correction of deformities or diseases of musculoskeletal system
- esp. bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, and tendons
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adult human skeleton consists of __ # of bones
206
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bones forming vertical axis of body
- skull
- spinal column
- breastbone
- ribs
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carp/o
carpus (wrist bones)
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meta
change or next in a series
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tars/o
tarus (ankle bone)
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vertical axis of body
clavicle
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vertical axis of body
cranium
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vertical axis of body
costa
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vertical axis of body
scapula
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vertical axis of body
sternum
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vertical axis of body
spine
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vertical axis of body
cervical (vertebrae)
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vertical axis of body
throacic (vertebrae)
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vertical axis of body
lumbar (vertebrae)
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vertical axis of body
sacrum (sacral vertebrae)
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vertical axis of body
coccyx (coccygeal vertebrae)
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metacarp/o
- matacarpals
- bones of the hands
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phalang/o
- phalanges
- bones of the fingers
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rachiodynia; rachialgia
painful spine
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intervertebral
two adjoining vertebrae
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thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12
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lumbago
dull, aching pain in lower back
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sacrum
fusion of five sacral bones
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sternocostal
sternum and ribs
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bone of upper arm
humerus
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bones of lower extremity
- bones of thigh
- leg
- foot
- patella
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bones of ankle
- 7
- calcaneus (heel bone) is longest
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bones of instep
5 metatarsals
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toes
- 3 phalanges
- except big toe = 2
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osteomalacia
decalcification without replacement of lost calcium
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myelitis
inflammation of either spinal cord or bone marrow
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myelofibrosis
replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue
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myeloencephalitis
inflammation of brain and spinal cord
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cellul/o
little cell or compartment
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meta-
change or next in a series
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-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
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ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
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voluntary/skeletal muscle
- attached to bone
- controlled by conscious part of brain to produce movement
- striations, alternate light/dark bands
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visceral muscle
- located in walls of hollow internal structures
- involuntary
- lacks striations
- aka smooth muscle
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fibromyalgia
widespread non-articular pain of torso, extremities & face
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myofibrosis
tissue replaced by fibrous tissue
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myasthenia gravis
- fatigue
- muscle weakness
- from defect in conduction of nerve impulses
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herniated disk
- when disks btwn vertebrae become diseased
- --> becomes ruptured
- can press on spinal cord or on spinal nerve
- causes pain
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paraplegia
paralysis of lower portion of body and of both legs
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quadriplegia or tetraplegia
paralysis of the arms and legs
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paresis
slight or incomplete paralysis
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paraparesis
slight or partial paralysis
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quadriparesis or tetra paresis
affects all four extremities
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dislocation
displacement of a bone from a joint
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fracture
- breaking of a bone
- usually from sudden injury
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types of fractures
- complete, simple (closed)
- compound (open)
- incomplete, simple (closed)
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common dislocation areas
- synovial joints
- more common in shoulder, hip, knee, fingers
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sprain
injury to joint that causes pain and disability
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strain
- excessive use of a part of the body to extent that its injured
- trauma to a muscle caused by violent contraction or excessive forcible stretch
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myocele
aka fascial hernia
- condition
- muscle protrudes through its fascial covering
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osteomyelitis
- infection of bone and bone marrow
- caused by infectious microorganisms
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osteochondritis
- inflammation of bone and cartilage
- tends to attack bone-forming centers of skeleton
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sarcomas
- cancers that arise from connective tissue (muscle or bone)
- malignant
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chondrosarcoma
masses of cartilage
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fibrosarcoma
malignant tumor containing much fibrous tissue
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leukemias
- chronic or acute of blood-forming tissues
- unrestrained growth of leukocytes & their precursors
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mutliple myeloma
- disease characterized by the presence of many tumor masses in bone and bone marrow
- progressive & generally fatal
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osteoporosis
- metabolic disease
- reduced bone mass leads to subsequent fracture
- affects postmenopausal women
- pts receiving long-term steroid tx
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osteomalacia
- reversible skeletal disorder
- defect in mineralization of bone
- deficiency of vitamin D
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spondylomalacia
softening of vertebrae
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osteitis deformans
aka Paget disease
- sk. disease of elderly persons
- chronic bone inflammation
- thickening & softening of bones & in bowing of long bones
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congenital defects
spina bifida
- congenital abnormality
- defective closure of bones of spine
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congenital defects
scoliosis
- lateral curvature of spine
- can be caused by hip disease
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congenital defects
kyphosis
aka humpback/hunchback
- exaggerated curvature of spine
- front front to back
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congenital defects
muscular dystrophy
- grp of inherited diseases
- weakness, atrophy of muscle w/out involvemt of nervous sys
- progressive disability
- loss of strength
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congenital defects
craniocele
hernial protrusion of brain thru defect in skull
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congenital defects
tarsoptosis
- aka flatfoot
- inherited condition
- flattening out of arch of foot
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arthritis & conn. tissue disease
arthritis
- inflam. condtn of joints
- pain, heat, swelling, redness
- limitation of movemt
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arthritis & conn. tissue disease
osteoarthritis
- aka degernative joint disease (DJD)
- one or many joints undergo degen. changes
- loss of articular cartilage
- involve bones & joints
- esp joints that bear wt
- can cause loss of spinal flex
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arthritis & conn. tissue disease
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- 2nd most common conn.tissue disease
- chronic, systemic
- results: joint deformities (hands & feet)
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arthritis & conn. tissue disease
rheumatism
- acute and chronic conditns
- inflammation, soreness & stiffness of muscles
- pain in joints & ass. structures
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spondylarthritis
- inflam of vertebra
- arthritis of spine
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rheumatoid spondylitis
- inflam of cartilage btwn vertebrae
- can cause neighboring vertebrae to fuse
- spine can become stiffened (anklyosed spine)
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polyarthritis
inflam of more than one joint
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arthralgia; arthrodynia
painful joint
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ankylosis
abnormal condtn- joint immobile & stiff
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lupus erythematosus (LE)
- autoimmune disease
- involves conn. tissue
- butterfly rash across bridge of nose
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gout
- painful metabolic disease
- form of acute arthritis
- inflam of joints (foot or knee)
- hereditary
- from hyperuricemia & deposits of urats in & around joints
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arthroscopy
direct visualiztion of interior of joint using special fiberoptic endoscope (arthroscope)
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arthropathy
any disease of a joint
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reduction
restoring fractures to normal positions by pulling broken frags into alignmt
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traction
- use of a pulling force to a part of body to produce alignmt & rest while decreasing muscle spasm
- and correcting/preventing deformity
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closed reduction
fracture restored to normal position by manipulation w/out surgery
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open reduction
fracture exposed to surgery before broken ends can be aligned
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vertebroplasty
- repairing vertebral fracture
- cement-like substance injected into body of fractured vertebra
- stabilize & strengthens
- immediately removes pain
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laminectomy
- surgical removal of bony posterior arch of vertebra
- permit surgical access to disk so herniated material can be removed
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diskectomy
complete excision of intervertebral disk
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spinal puncture
aka spinal tap / lumbar puncture
- puncture of spinal cavity with needle
- extract spinal fluid
- or introduce agents into spinal canal for anesthesia/radiographic studies
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bunionectomy
excision of a bunion
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antiinflammatories
- reduce inflam and pain
- NSAIDS
- ex: aspirin, ibuprofen
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cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
Celebrex
- used to reduce inflam of arthritis
- doesnt cause stomach distress & ulcers
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antiarthritics
forms of tx to relieve sx of arthritis
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disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
- slows progression of disease
- slower acting than NSAIDs
- can combine w/antiinflammatories
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arthrocentesis
extraction of excessive fluid accumulated in synovial joint after injury
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arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction or replacement of joint
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musculoskeletal
pertaining to muscles & skeleton
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muscular system
includes: all muscles, bones, joints & related structures
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skeletal system
- includes: bones, cartilage of body
- provide framework for muscles and organs
- places for attachmt of tendons, ligaments & muscles
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orthopedics
- branch of medicine
- prevention & correction of deformities or disease of musculoskeletal system
- bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, tendons
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articulation
- aka joint
- place of union btwn two or more bones
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synovial joints
joints with cavities btwn articulating bones
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bursae
- sacs of fluid located in areas of friction
- esp. joints
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four common types of joint motions
- extension
- flexion
- rotation
- circumduction
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extension
straightens a limb
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rotation
movement of a bone around its own axis
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circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
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ligaments
- strong bands of fibrous conn. tissue
- connect bones or cartilage
- support & strengthen joints
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fascia
fibrous membrane that covers, supports & separates muscles
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tendons
bands of strong fibrous tissue that attach the muscles to the bones
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