Unit 8 Gould Chpt6

an mineralocorticoid hormone that increases the reabsorption of both sodium and water from the kidneys or renal tubules; these hormones conserve more fluid when there is a fluid deficit in the body

a negatively charged ion such as chloride

loss of appetite

increases the absorption of water in the renal tubules

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

is a powerful vasodilator, and a protein (polypeptide) hormone secreted by heart muscle cells.[1][2] It is involved in the homeostatic control of body water, sodium, potassium and fat (adipose tissue). It is released by muscle cells in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart (atrial myocytes),
in response to high blood pressure. ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure

characterizes the capacity of a blood vessel wall to allow for the flow of small molecules (ions, water, nutrients) or even whole cells (lymphocytes on their way to the site of inflammation) in and out of the vessel

a strong muscle contraction of the hand or foot

a positively charged ion such as sodium

the movement of molecules from an areaof high concentration to low concentration

A diuretic provides a means of forced diuresis which elevates the rate of urination. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from bodies

abnormal cardia rhythm

a record of conduction in the heart

fludi outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids

passage of a fluid through a permeable membrane whose spaces do not allow certain solutes to pass; passage is from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure

is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst,atigue, sleep, and circadian cycles.

force exerted by a fluid against the container wall

a solution with a greater concentration of solutes or higher osmotic pressure than that inside the cells present in the solution

excess of plasma

is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

having a lesser concentration than the solution with which it is being compared

decreased blood volume

is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. The interstitial fluid is found in the interstitial spaces, also known as the tissue spaces.

fluid inside the cells

within blood vessels

having about the same concentration as the solution with which it is being compared

closure of the larynx obstructing the airway

describes an equivalent as the amount of a substance that will react with one gram of hydrogen, or with eight grams of oxygen

A nonvolatile acid (also known as a fixed acid or metabolic acid) is an acid produced from sources other than carbon dioxide, and is not excreted by the lungs. They are produced from e.g. an
incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. All acids produced in the body are nonvolatile except carbonic acid, which is the sole volatile acid. Common nonvolatile acids in humans are lactic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid.

sensory nerve receptors stimulated by changes in fluid and electrolyte concentrations

the force that draws water through a semi-permable membrane from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher concentration

drawing power for water or the attraction for water exerted by solute particles

abnormal sensation

tension of skin determined by hydration

repeated skeletal muscle contrations or spasms, seen in the extremities and face, related to increased irritability of the nerves, often associated with hypocalcemia

passive through cells