internal system of regulation of communication involving hormones, glands that secrete them, an dparticular cells that respond to the hormones.
target cells
cells that respond to a particular hormone
hormones
chemicals that travel through the circulatory system and act as signals to elicit a response from target cells
what are the 2 ways hormones elicit a response?
bind to receptors on target cells surface and trigger change inside a cell
hormones diffuse across cell membrane to bind receptors inside the cell to trigger the response
steroid
fat soluable hormones that can cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside the target cell causing cells to turn specific genes on or off
What happens when a hormone binds to a receptor?
causes cells to turn specific genes on or off
what is a female hormone?
What is the male hormone?
estrogen
testosterone
Endocrine glands
groups of cells or organs that secrete hormones
kidneys produce ___ which function to ____
erythropoietin
stimulate production of red blood cells
digestive tract produces ____ which_____
gastrin
stimulates stomach to release hydrochloric acid during digestion
The thyroid secretes____which_____
calcitonin
lowers blood clacium levels
The parathyroid secretes ____which _____
parathyroid hormone
raises blood calcium levels
The thymus secretes ___ and ___ which __-
Thyomin
Thymopoietin
helps T cells mature
The pancrease secretes ___ and ____ which ____
insulin
glucagon
raise and lower blood glucose levels
The hypothalamus secretes ___ and ___ which ____
GnRh
cause pituitary to store or secrete horomones
The pituitary secretes ___which ____
pituitary gonadotropins
produce sex differences, follicle stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormones, release of egg during ovulation, sperm production, testosterone production
The adrenal glands secrete____and___ and___and___which
adrenaline
androgens
estrogen
testosterone
raise blood glucose levels, promote fat breakdodwn, suppress inflammation, regulate levels of sodium potassium in blood, acts on liver, muscle and fat to raise blood sugar, increase heart rate, regulate blood vessel diamters and increase respiration
The pineal glad secrete ___which____
melatonin
helps regulate sleep
Testes produce___which____
testosterone
aids in sperm production, produce muscle mass, voice deepening
The ovaries produce ____ and ____ which
estrogen
regulate menstruation, maturation of egg cells, breast development, pregnancy and menopause
When does puberty typically occur for boys?
Girls?
9-14 13
8-13 11
five functions of the skeletal system
support for body
protect internal organs
aid in movement
store minerals
produce red blood cells
What is the function of cartilage?
protects ends of bones from degradation
How many bones make up the skeleton?
206
Axial skeleton
supports trunk of body and consists largely of bones making up vertebral column or spine and skull
Appendicular skeleton
bones of hip, shoulder, and limbs
List 3 types of joints and locations
ball and socket - hips and shoulders
hinge joint - knee, elbow
pivot joint - neck
compact bone
form hard outer shell of bones
spongy bone
porous, honeycomb like inner bone
function of bone marrow
helps produce blood cells
osteoblast and function
help bone tissue regenerate itself by process called bone deposition
osteoclast and function
involved in breaking down or reabsorbin bone tissue
Four functions of calcium
blood clot
muscle contractions
product of nerve impulses
activity of many enzymes
women have longer torsos or lower center of gravity than men
true
What six bones different between men and women
mandible
temporal bones
frontal bones (2)
ossa cossae (2)
Define Q angle and why it is important
angle formed between kneecap, femur, and line of tendon from kneecap to shin bone
Three muscle types
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
Define antagonistic muscle pairs and give examples
each muscle is paired with a muscle of the opposite effect
bicep and tricep
List 3 differences between slow and fast twitch muscles
a muscle fiber is a muscle cell
true
myofibril
parallel array of thread-like filaments that give skeletal muscle striped appearance
sarcomere
unit of contraction of a muscle fiber
a sarcomere is composed of what 2 filaments?
actin
myosin
what is a Z disc?
two dark lines in the myofibril
describe a muscle contraction
the sarcomere of a myofibril consists of actin molecules attached to z disc and myosin molecules - using energy from ATP, the myosin heads bind to actin and pulls it toward the center. Since this happens at both ends of the sarcomere it shortens, allowing contraction of muscle cell and movement of muscle.
Puberty increases the number of muscle fibers
true
Women store fat in what areas?
abdomen
buttocks
hips
thighs
torso
Men store fat in what area
abdomen
why do women need more body fat
maintain fertility
women have greater tolerance for endurance events than men
true
what is the healthy body fat ranges for men
women
3-29
12-32
what are the benefits of athletic competition and exercise?
less likely to drop out of school, drink, smoke
teaches teamwork, discipline, pride in accomplishments, drive, dedication
decreased heart disease obesity, diabetes, many cancers
lowered cholesterol, decrease anxiety and depression
Endocrine disruptors
disrupt actions of hormone-producing system
two types of organisms that do binary fission
ameobas, sponges
budding
asexual reproduction - cell division that produces daughter cells which remain attached to the parent cell until it grows enough to break away
advantages of asexual reproduction
no need to find a partner
allows for rapid reproduction
gonads
two gametes combine genetic information
zygote
formation of 2 haploid gametes
What pesticide is under study to see if it causes reproductive deformities?
atrazine
advantages of large gametes?
small gametes?
more stable
more mobile
male reproductive system?
penis
seminol vesicle
prostate
testis
scrotum
bulbourethal glands
epididymous
vas deferens
urethra
siminiferous tubules
rectum
pubic bone
erectile tissue
glans penis
female reproductive system
ovary
oviduct
uterus
endometrium
urethra
clitoris
vulva
urinary opening
vaginal opening
rectum
vagina
cervix
Where does sperm come from?
testicles
What are the sperm carrying ducts?
vas deferens
Why is the seminal vesicles important?
They give energy to sperm
What is the prostate glands' function?
Give nutrients to sperm
semen
sperm combined with other secretions
male gonads
female gonads
testicles
ovaries
endometrium
internal suface of the uterine wall
cervix
lower third of uterus
oviducts
top of uterus(fallopian tubes)
Gametogenesis
productioon of sex cells
STDs
chlamydia
gonorhea
pid
syphillis
aids
genital warts
hepititis B
herpes simplex
pubic lice
trichomoniasis
yeast
gametes contain ___chromosomes
23
stertoli cells
cells that aid the developing sperm and are located in the seminiferous tubules
3 pieces of sperm cell
head, midpiece, tail
follicles
structure in an ovary that containes developing ovum and secretes estrogen
polar bodies
small structures not involved in fertilization
corpus luteum
remnant of graafian follicle, minus oocyte, secretes reproductive hormones
how long does it take for an unfertilized egg to move to the uterus?
3 days
90% of male infertility are due to
sperm production and formation
what role do hormones play in menstrual cycle?
trigger release of egg, aid in development of egg
What triggers the uterine wall lining to shed?
progesteron and estrogen levels fall, triggering uterus to spasm
how many sperm reach the egg in the oviduct?
200
Follicle cell
sorrounds and nourishes egg
zona pellucida
transluscent covering on an egg
embryo
first divison of zygote until body structures begin to appear
