Biology.txt

• a network of membranes which form channels and compartments throughout the cytoplasm of a cell
• membranes enclose channels

• sites for celluar respiration
• converts energy of food into a usable form of ATP

• Sites of the production of proteins
• ribosomes attach to membranes and are sometimes found in an endoplasmic reticulum

• only found in photosynthetic plant cells
• contains membrane stacks of chlorophll or "grana"
• the "stroma" zone is where chemical reactions occur

• semi circualar arrangement of membranes which package chemicals into small membranes sacs or "vesicles" for strorage or secretion from the cell

• formed in the golgi body
• these membrane sacs contain digestive enzymes which can destroy foreign proteins which enter the cell

• all cell organelles are built from or surrounded by membranes

• a group of organsisms which includes plants and animals

• small simple molecules like H2O and CO2

• are inorganic chemicals

• are based on carbon which can form chains,rings and networks to build complex molecules needed to make a living cell
• there are four categories: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Are the main structural chemical of organelles, cells, bone, skin and hair.

• fats and oils
• All cell membranes are built from lipid and protein
• organic chemical
• lipids are used as a way to store excess energy food
• carbohydrates can be converted to lipids for storage

• (DNA & RNA)
• DNA is the genetic information of every cell
• RNA is the messenger sent from the nucleus to control all cell activities

• two layers of phospholipids form each membrane
• molecules cling to each other and line up with their hydrophilic ends

• the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration toward a lower concentration

• a special case of diffusion
• diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane against the concentration gradient of solutes
• occurs when the solutes cannot penetrate the membrane bu the water can

• is an organism that makes its own food
• All plants are autotrophic making their own food by photosynthesis

• any organism that cannot make its own food
• Includes animals, fungi and bacteria

Carry water and minerals upwards towards leaves in plants

Carry food from the leaves to any part of te plant which cannot photosynthesize

Lower leaf surfaces have openings called stomates or pores

Simple structures on the stems and truncks of plants which allow gas exchange to the cells by diffusion of air

The movement of food via the phloem

Energy is needed to cause material to flow

When cell membranes grow to divide the cell in two parts with a share of cytoplasms an organelles in each

Division of the cell nucleus

DNA is contained in chromosomes which are not normally visable