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Endoplasmic reticulum
- a network of membranes which form channels and compartments throughout the cytoplasm of a cell
- membranes enclose channels
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Mitochondrion
- sites for celluar respiration
- converts energy of food into a usable form of ATP
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Ribosomes
- Sites of the production of proteins
- ribosomes attach to membranes and are sometimes found in an endoplasmic reticulum
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Chloroplasts
- only found in photosynthetic plant cells
- contains membrane stacks of chlorophll or "grana"
- the "stroma" zone is where chemical reactions occur
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Golgi apparatus
• semi circualar arrangement of membranes which package chemicals into small membranes sacs or "vesicles" for strorage or secretion from the cell
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Lysosomes
- formed in the golgi body
- these membrane sacs contain digestive enzymes which can destroy foreign proteins which enter the cell
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Membranes
• all cell organelles are built from or surrounded by membranes
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Eucaryotic
• a group of organsisms which includes plants and animals
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Inorganic chemicals
• small simple molecules like H2O and CO2
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Carbohydrates
• are inorganic chemicals
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Organic chemicals
- are based on carbon which can form chains,rings and networks to build complex molecules needed to make a living cell
- there are four categories: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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Proteins
Are the main structural chemical of organelles, cells, bone, skin and hair.
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Lipids
- fats and oils
- All cell membranes are built from lipid and protein
- organic chemical
- lipids are used as a way to store excess energy food
- carbohydrates can be converted to lipids for storage
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Nucleic acids
- (DNA & RNA)
- DNA is the genetic information of every cell
- RNA is the messenger sent from the nucleus to control all cell activities
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Membrane structure
- two layers of phospholipids form each membrane
- molecules cling to each other and line up with their hydrophilic ends
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Diffusion
• the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration toward a lower concentration
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Osmosis
- a special case of diffusion
- diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane against the concentration gradient of solutes
- occurs when the solutes cannot penetrate the membrane bu the water can
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Autotroph
- is an organism that makes its own food
- All plants are autotrophic making their own food by photosynthesis
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Heterotroph
- any organism that cannot make its own food
- Includes animals, fungi and bacteria
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Xylem tubes
Carry water and minerals upwards towards leaves in plants
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Phloem tubes
Carry food from the leaves to any part of te plant which cannot photosynthesize
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Stomates
Lower leaf surfaces have openings called stomates or pores
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Lenticels
Simple structures on the stems and truncks of plants which allow gas exchange to the cells by diffusion of air
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Translocation
The movement of food via the phloem
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Active transport operations
Energy is needed to cause material to flow
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Cytokinesis
When cell membranes grow to divide the cell in two parts with a share of cytoplasms an organelles in each
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Mitosis
Division of the cell nucleus
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Chromosomes
DNA is contained in chromosomes which are not normally visable
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