Chapter 3

Focused on the interaction between the childs naturally abilities and his or her interactions with the environment.

Theories about how the physical and social worlds operate.

Upon encountering a novel object or event, the child attempts to ASSIMILATE it. Understad in tge terms of a preexisting schema.

• when infants are busy discovering the relationship between their actions and the consequences of those actions.
• EX: How far they have to reach to grasp an item. And what happen when they push their dish over the edge of the table.

• the awareness that an object continues to exist even when its not present.
• EX: If a toy is coivered up the baby assumes it has disappeared.

• the child does not yet comprehend certain rues of operation.
• EX: An operation is a mental routine for separating, combining, and otherwise transforming information in a logical manner.

• the understanding that the amount of a substance stays the same even when its form changes.
• EX: Failure to understand that the amount of water is conserved- remains the same - when its poured from the tall glass to the short one.

• Preoperational children are unaware of perspectives other than their own.
• EX: they believe that everyone else perceives the environment the same way they do. Mountain problem/ doll/same vision as doll.

• Ability to master various conservation concepts and begin to perform other logical manipulations. Objects which htey have direct sensory access.
• EX: Place objects in order by size and weight. 8yr olds/ draw a map/

• The person is able to reason in pure symbolic terms.
• EX: Set up series of hypothesis/ test them out/ confirm or denying them./ ESSENCE OF FORMAL OPERATIONAL.

Specific skills at gathering and analizing information from the environment.

EX: Sieglers overklapping wave theory: Of cognitive development, which suggests that children have muktiple ways of solving problems at any one time. but with age and experience, some strategies becime more frequent while others become less frequent.

Chikdren whi say the animal is still REALLY the original animal are showing conservation. Those who dont, fail to show conservation.

Russian Scholar, believed that we develop experience adn understanding primarily throught what might be described as apprenticeship- we are guuded by nore knowledgeable individuals who help us understand more about our world and develop new skills.