Midterm 4a

What does the cardiovascular system play a major role in?

The 3 primary pathways by which the heart can increase its cardiac output in response to body needs are what?

What depends directly on heart rate, myocardial wall tension, and inotropic state?

During cardiac failure, the body attempts to compensate by what intrinsic homeostatic mechanisms?

What happens when the compensatory mechanisms act long term?

What is chronic failure of the cardiac pump, resulting in an inadequate cardiac output and insufficient delivery of oxygen to meet the tissue requirements?

What are clinical signs of CHF(5)?

Clinical signs of CHF are due to fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema as what side heart failure?

What compounds are important cardiac glycosides and collectively referred to as digitalis (3)?

The therapeutic response to digitalis in CHF includes what (5)?

Cardiac glycosides increase contractile strength of the normal as well as failing heart by what?

Digitalis exerts a positive inotropic action on the heart muscle, this is due to what?

The increase in intracellular Ca+ ion increases the amount of calcium available for contractile proteins, this induces what?

How does digitalis decrease heart rate?

The increase of intracellular Na+ ion with decrease in K+ ion induces partial depolarization of the cell, thus reduces diastolic potential to threshold level which leads to...

In CHF, the diuretic effect produced by digitalis is due to what?

What is not a prominent feature of digitalis therapy, if edema does not accompany with CHF?

Digitalis does not induce diuresis if edema is not what?

Diuretic response to digitalis is secondary to what?

Digitalis induces vomiting in dogs, after intravenous injection of digoxin, due to stimulation of what?

Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located?

Vomiting accompanied by protracted diarrhea in dogs undergoing therapy with oral digitalis preparations is suggestive of what?

How is higher bioavailability of digoxin achieved?

Why are cardiac glycosides absorbed to a new low extent in ruminant species?

Since digoxin is not well distributed to fat, it is always baded on what?

What is mostly preferred to treat atrial fibrillation/ flutter?

What reduces ventricular rate by slowing AV conduction in atrial arrhythmias?

Digitalis is indicated to treat (2)?

What involved initial administration of a large amount of digitalis, in several divided doses over a relatively short period of time to achieve rapid desirable therapeutic effect?

What is the main aim of therapy with digitalis?

In digoxin in dogs, steady state concentration will be attained on what days of maintence?

Since the renal and hepatic functions are considered to be important in digitalis elimination, dose levels should be reduced in what? Animals with kidney or liver disease

When is IV administration of digitalis indicated (3)?

What administration route of digoxin is not preferred?

What is the therapeutic plasma concentration in digoxin?

What can digitalis toxicity evoke?

The antiarrhythmic activity of K+ in digitalis intoxication is due to what?

Increased Ca++ ion may enhance the toxic effects of digitalis by what?

What is an exchange esin that binds to glycoside within digestive tract, thus enterohepatic circulation of bound form of glycoside is hindered, thereby hastening elimination of digitalis glycosides?

Intermittent administration of a diuretic during maintenance therapy of digoxin induces diuresis, thus what?

What is the preferred loop action diuretics?

What diuretic produces a higher K+ excretion in urine, it increases Ca++ binding proteins in distal renal tubule and enhances renal tubular reabsorption of Ca++?

What is the limitation of potassium sparing diuretics?

An oral combination preparation containing what produces diuresis without either delayed onset of action or excessive urinary excretion of potassium?

What is decreased volume of distribution of digoxin due to its displacement by quinidine from tissue binding sites?

What exerts a positive inotropic action on the failing heart without increasing the myocardial oxygen consumption, also decreases ventricular filling pressure (preload) and vascular resistance (afterload)?

What enzyme is responsible for the selective metabolism of CAMP, accumulation of intracellular CAMP leads to increased cardiac contractility and peripheral vasodilation?

What produces positive inotropic effect and vasodilation; increases the binding efficiency of cardiac myofibril to the calcium ions without increasing oxygen demand?

What is a B1 agonist, produces myocardial contraction of heart, decreases ventricular filling pressure, and has weak positive chronotropic action?

What are 2 drawbacks in the use of dobutamine?