shows how the atoms of a compound are arranged relative to one another
what is the full structural formula?
shows all the atoms and all the bonds in a compound
define isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
what is a homologous series
>series of compounds of uniform chemical type
>showing gradations in physical properties
> having a general formula for its members
>each member having a similiar method of preparation
>each member differing from the previous member by a (CH2) unit
define structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
define aliphatic compounds
organic compound that consists of open chains of carbon atoms and closed chain compounds that resemble them in chemical properties
define aromatic compounds
compounds that contain a benzene ring structure in their molecules
define octane number
measure of the tendency of the fuel to resist knocking
define catalytic cracking
breaking down of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules into short-chain molecules for which there is greater demand
define heat of reaction
heat change when the number of moles of reactants indicated in the balanced equation for the reaction react completely
define heat of combustion
substance is the heat change when one mole of the substance is completely burned in excess oxygen
define bond energy
energy required to break one mole of covalent bonds and to separate the neutral atoms and completely from each other
define heat of neutralisation
heat change when one mole of H+ ions from an acid reacts with one mole of OH- ions from a base
define heat of formation of a compound
heat change that takes place when one mole of a compound in its standard state is formed from its elements in their standard states
define hess's law
if a chemical reaction takes place in a number of stages, the sum of the heat changes in the separate stages is equal to the heat change if the reaction is carried out in one stage
what is the law of conservation
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be converted from one form of energy into another