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What is the definition of learning?
Relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes resultin gfrom practice or experience.
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What is the definition of conditioning?
The process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.
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What is classical conditioning?
Learning that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus (NS) is paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) (Pavlov)
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What is a neutral stimulus?
Before conditioning doesn't naturally elicit response of interest
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Elicits unconditioned response without prior conditioning.
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What is an unconditioned response?
An unlearned reaction to UCS occuring without prior conditioning
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with UCS, now causes a CR
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What is a conditioned response?
A learned reaction to a CS occurring because of prior repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.
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What is a conditioned emotional response?
Emotional responses are classically conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus. ( watson and albert and the little ray)
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What is a stimulus generalization?
A learned response to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimuli. Kids tend to generalize more often
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Describe extinction.
It is a gradual weakening or suppression of a previously conditioned response
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Describe spontaneos recovery.
It is a reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
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What is operant conditioning?
Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences
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What is the Law of effect and who contributed it?
- The probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence.
- If you do something and it has a good consequence, you would do it again, and vice versa.
- Thorndike
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Name the two basic principles in operant conditioning and describe them.
- primary reinforcers- normally satisfy an unlearned biological need EG food
- secondary reinforcers-learned value EGmoney, praise
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Describe the other operant conditioning principle positive reinforcement.
Adding or presenting a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to occur
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What are the 4 steps to uncrease desirable behaviors?
- Positive reinforcement:
- 1. a desirable behavior is displayed
- 2. The reinforcer is temporarilly contiguous to the behavior.
- 3. The reinforcer is contingent on the behavior.
- 4. The reinforcer is a desirable consequence.
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What is negative reinforcement and what is it not?
- Negative reinforment is taking away or removing a stimulus owhich strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur EG a headache removed after taking an asprin. EG making a final exxam optional for students who acheive a score of over 90% on all other tests.
- It is not a punishment.
- It is removing an aversive consequence when the desirable behavior is displayed. REMOVAL
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Explain the operant conditiongs principle of shaping.
Reinforcement is delivered after successive appoximations of the desired response.
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Describe punishment as a operant conditioning principle.
- If is weakening a response.
- Positive punishmentadding or presenting a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur EG shouting
- Negative punishment-taking away or removing a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur EG restriction, jail
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What are two ineffective forms of punishment? Describe.
- Physical punishment- diplay negative emotions and avoidance toward punisher. Kids are shown to model the physical behavior andbe more aggressive.
- psychological punishment-consist of embarrassing, humiliating, yelling or screaming. Shows kids an out-of-control way of handling stress.
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