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Neurons
- -Communication
- Soma-Cell Body
- Dendrites-Recieve
- Axon-Transmit Away
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Insulation and Information Transfer
Myelin Sheath- Speeds up transmission
Terminal Buttons- End of axon, secrete neurtransmitters
Synapse- Point at which neurons interconnect
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Neurotransmitters
Chemical Messengers
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Hodgkin & Huxley
- --Fluids inside and outside of neuron
- ---Electrically charged particles (ions)
--Neuron at rest -- negatice charge on inside compared to outside
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Neural Impulse: Action Potential
- Stimulation causes cell membrane to open
- ------+ sodium ion flows in
- Shift in electrical charge travels along Neuron
- ------The Action Potential
- -------All-or-none law
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Synaptic Cleft; Pre & Post
- Presynaptic Neuron
- ---Synaptic Vesicles
- ------Neurotransmitters
- Postsynaptic Neuron
- ---Receptor Sites
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Postsynaptic Potential
- PSP - Change of voltage at receptor site
- --Not all or None
- --Changes the probability of the postynaptic neuron firing
- ------+ Volt. Shift--Excitatory PSP
- ------ (-) Volt Shift--Inhibitory PSP
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Neurons require what to Fire
Integration of Signals
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Agonist
Mimics Neurotransmitter action
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Antagonist
Opposes action of neurotransmitter
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Neurotransmitter 5 total
- 1.Acetylcholine
- 2.Dopamine
- 3.Norepinephrine
- 4.Serotonin
- 5.Endorphins
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Central nervous system is located where?
Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system Lies where to the Central nervous system
Outside
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Affent is...
Efferent is...
- Afferent = Toward the CNS
- Efferent = Away from the CNS
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Somatic nervous system
Voluntary muscles and sonsory receptors
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Automatic involuntary functions
Sympathetic = Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic = Stop
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Brain Regions;
Hind Brain
MidBrain
ForeBrain
Hindbrain- Vital funtions- medulla, pon, cerebellum
Midbrain-Sensory functions- dopaminergic projections
Forebrain- emtion, complex though
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Cerebral Hemispheres'
==Left/Right
Left Hemishpher= Verbal processing: Language, speech, reading, writing
Right Hemisphere= NonVerbal processing: Spatial, Musical, visual recognition
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Four Lobes
- 1. Occipital = Vision
- 2. Parietal = Somatosensory
- 3. Temporal = Auditory
- 4. Frontal = Movement, executive control systems
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EEG
Monitoring of brain electrical activity
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4 Stages of Brain=Waves
BAT D
- 1. Beta (13-24 cps)
- ----- Awake, Problem solving
- 2. Alpha (8-12)
- ----- Blank Mind
- 3. Theta (4-7)
- ----- Light Sleep
- 4. Delta (>4cps)
- -------Deep Sleep
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Circadian Rythms
- -Biological 24 hour cycle
- --Regulation of Sleep /other Body functions
- ---
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Physiological pathway of the Biological Clock
Light levels > Retina > Hypothalamus > Pineal Gland> >Secreation of melatonin
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Define:
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Electromyograph
Electrooculograph
- 1. EEG- Brain electrical activity
- 2.Electromyograph- Muscle activity
- 3. Electrooculograph- Eye movements
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Cycling through sleep;
-----Stages 1 to 4
- Stage 1: Alpha 2 Theta 1-7
- ------Hypnic Jerks
- Stage 2: Sleep spindles 10-25
- Stage 3 & 4: Slow-wave sleep 30
- Stage 5: REM, eeg similar to away.
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Why do we Sleep?
Sleep helps animals to restore energy and other bodily resources
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Sleep Deprevitation: 3 Types
- Complete
- --- 3 to 4 days max
- Partial or Sleep restriction
- -- Impaired attention, reaction time
- Selective
- ---Rebound Effect
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Insomina
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
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Narcolepsy
Falling asleep uncontrollably
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Sleep Apnea
Reflexive gasping for air that awakens
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Somnambulism
Sleepwalking
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Hypnosis and the Effects:
--A systematic procedure that increases suggestibility.
- Effects
- - Anesthesia
- - Sensory Dist.
- -Disinhibition
- -Posthypnotic suggestions
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Meditation
Heighten awarenes and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control
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Narcotics
Sedatives
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Alcohol
- -Pain relieving
- -Sleep inducing
- -Increase CNS activity
- -Distort sensory and perceptual experience
- -Mild euphoria
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