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What does "Biology" mean?
Study of Life
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What do we study?
- Plants, Animals, Fungi, Microorganisms
- Relationships, environment
- Heredity, Genetics
- Evolution
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What are the steps of Scientific Methodology?
- Observation
- Formulate a Problem
- Form a Hypothesis
- Plan and Run an Experiment
- Collect Data
- Form a Conclusion/ Publish Results
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Of what does a controlled experiment consist?
- Control Group (Doesn't change)
- Experimental Group (Changes)
- Independent Variable
- Dependent Variable
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What kind of data is there? How do they describe information?
- Quantative- Numbers
- Qualitive- Words
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What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is an educated guess.
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What is a theory?
A theory describes a well-tested explaination for a range of observations and hypotheses.
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What is a law?
A proven explaination that is not prone to change.
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Define "Curiosity".
Wonders; some answers spark new questions.
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Define "Skepticism".
Question existing ideas; test other's hypotheses.
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Define "Open-mindedness"
Willing to accept different ideas.
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Define "Creativity".
Think creatively to design experiments.
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What are the 5 characteristics of life?
- Have an orderly structure
- Reproduce
- Change
- Adjust to environment
- Adapt and evolve
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Define "Taxonomy"
The science of classifying organisms.
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Define "Systematics"
Classifying organisms according to their ancestors
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Who was Aristotle?
The first scientist to classify organisms
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Who was Carl Linneaus?
Created Binomial Nomenclature (two name system)
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Of what does a scientific name consist?
- Latin
- Genus+Species
- Italicized
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In what order do we classify organisms?
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
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How do we classify humans?
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Primate
- Family: Hominidae
- Genus: Homo
- Species: Sapian
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Define "Phylogeny"
a study of the relationships between today's organisms and their ancestors
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Define "Cladistics"
grouping organisms by ancestors
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Define "Clad"
a group with the same ancestor
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Define "Cladorgram"
a graph or picture used to show a clad
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Define "Node"
where an organism breaks off in a cladogram
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Define "Derived Characteristic"
New trait
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Define "Ecology"
the study of the interaction of organisms
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Define "Environmental Science"
studies how humans affect the ecosystem
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Define "Abiotic Factor"
non-living parts of the natural living environment
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Define "Biotic Factor"
Factors in the environment that live or once lived
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Define "Biosphere"
all living things and their habitat
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Define "Biome"
regions of the Earth with similar climate and life forms
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Define "Ecosystem"
all biotic and abiotic factors in a specific area
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Define "Community"
all living things in an area
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Define "Population"
all of the members of one species living together
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Define "Organism"
one single living thing
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Define "Autotrophs"
- Self Feeders
- Use the sun to make food
- Photosynthetic or Chemosythetic
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Define "Heterotrophs"
- Herbavores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
- Decomposers
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Define "Food Chain"
Shows how energy flows from one thing to another
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Define "Food Web"
- interconnected food chains
- must start with autotrophs
- must end with decomposters
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Define "Climate"
Average temperature and precipitation
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Define "Weather"
Daily conditions
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What determines climate?
- Latitude & Longitute
- Winds
- Near ocean or mountain
- Greenhouse Effect
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What is the Greenhouse Effect?
- Light is put onto the Earth
- Light is turned into heat
- Heat is trapped by methane & CO2
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Define "Niche"
- the role an organism plays in an ecosystem
- Habitat
- Tolerance
- Resources
- Postion in food web
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What kind of relationships are in an ecosystem?
- Competition
- Predator > Prey
- Herbivory
- Keystone Species
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Define "Symbiosis"
- when organisms live closely together
- Mutualism
- Parasitism
- Commensalism
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Define "Ecological Succession"
stages that occur after disruption
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Define "Primary Succession"
disruption destroyes everything (IE: Volcanic Eruption)
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Define "Pioneer Species"
the first organism that could live on a rock
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Define "Secondary Succession"
stage that occurs after disruption and leaves soil
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Define "Climax Community"
the mature, stable (no longer changing) community that is the end of succession
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What characterizes a biome?
- Climate
- Types of Plants
- Types of Animals
- Lattitude
- Proximity to oceans or mountains
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What charicterizes a tropical rainforest?
- Warm
- Most diverse organisms of all other biomes
- near equator
- lots of precipitation
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What characterizes a grassland?
- has grass
- Tropical-: not very old winters; warm
- Temperate-: varying temperatures
- Low rainfall
- Can't support trees
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What characterizes a desert?
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What characterizes a Temperate Forest?
- deciduous (lose leaves in specific seasons)
- Broad leaves
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What characterizes a boreal forest/ taiga?
- evergreen trees
- conifers
- longer colder winters
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What characterizes a Tundra?
- no trees grow
- only grass grows
- permafrost
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What factors affect life in an aquatic ecosystem?
- Light: Phonetic (light) and Aphonetic (No light)
- Temperature: some organisms need different temperatures; therefore they need to migrate to different ecosystems
- Nutrients: oxygen, nitrogen, potassium
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Of what does a Freshwater Ecosystem consist?
- Rivers
- Streams
- Lakes
- Ponds
- Wetlands: Bogs, Marshes, and Swamps
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Define "Estuaries"
Saltwater and Freshwater mix
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Define "Intertidal"
between high and low
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