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Ozone layer
- O3
- absorbs ultraviolet energy
- changes ultraviolet into heat energy
- no ozone = sun burn = cancer
- ozone hole is getting smaller
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Electromagnet Radiation
- the only form of energy that can travel through space
- it travels through space on waves made up of photons
- all forms travel at the same speed- light speed
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Number of waves
frequency
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ROYGBIV- Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Shorter Wave Lengths
- Higher energy
- higher frequency
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Longer Wave Lengths
- lower energy
- lower frequency
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Radio Waves
Microwaves, FM, AM
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Troposphere
most clouds/all weather clouds locate here
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Stratosphere
where jet stream is located (W to E: 200 mph)
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Mesosphere
where meteors occur
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Thermosphere
- gamma and x-rays absorbed
- Aurora occurs
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insolation
incoming solar radiation
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Factors in climate change
- latitude
- elevation
- large bodies of water
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Green house gases
- CO2 and H2O
- green house effect
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Green House Effect
- 1. Much of the incoming, short wavelength, (visible light) solar radiation penetrates the atmosphere and heats Earth's surface
- 2. Objects on Earth's surface emit long wavelength (infra red- heat) radiation skyward
- 3. Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing, long wavelength, radiation and reradiate some of this energy Earthward, thus trapping heat in the lower atmosphere
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Thermosphere (temp)
hot= absorbs short wavelengths (gamma/xray)
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Mechanisms of Heat/Energy (Infrared) Transfer:
- 1. Electromagnetic Radiation
- 2. Convection
- 3. Conduction
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Convection
- occurs in fluids
- when heated, expansion of matter decreases
- density of matter increases?
- contraction increases?
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Conduction
the transfer of heat by direct contact between molecules (occurs in solids)
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Relative Humidity
expressed as a percent compared to the amount of water vapor in the air to how much it could hold at that temperature (capacity)
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The change in state from a liquid to a gas is called_______and energy is____________during this process
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The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called _____________and energy is_____________during this process.
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During what time of day is relative humidity the highest
5 am (pre dawn)
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When is the relative humidity the lowest
5 PM
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Describe the general relationship between temperature and relative humidity
Temperature goes down and the relative humidity goes up
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What term describes the way that air cools as it rises through the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere?
Adiabatic cooling
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WHat two conditions must be met in order for cloud formation to occur
- air must reach dew point
- condensation in the nuclei
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Approx. how many cloud droplets must stick together in order to form a single raindrop
one million droplets
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Describe two ways that air can be lifted and coole that might lead to the formation of clouds
Orographic lifting and frontal wedging
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Orographic Lifting
water condenses and precipitation often occurs on the windward side of these mountains
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Frontal Wedging
air is lifting through the troposphere, as it rises, it will cool and the humidity in the air may (condense ?)
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