blood

a connective tissue composed of a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma) that suspends vaires cells and cell fragments.

• transportation - O2, CO2, wastes, hormones, heat
• regulation- buffers regulate pH, H2O in blood absorbs heat or cools blood to control body temp
• protection- blood clots prevent blood loss, white blood cells, blood proteins protect

Yes, Blood is thicker and denser than water

38 (one degree higher than body temp)

7.35 - 7.45, slightly alkaline

oxygenated

• 45% formed elements
• 55% plasma

• RBC over 99%
• WBC and platelets less than 1%

WBC and platelets are less dense than RBC but more dense than plasma and thus forms a buffy coat betweent the other two when seperated.

erythrocytes

leukocytes

8%. Apprx 5-6 litres Males, 4-5 litres Female

• 91.5% water
• 7% proteins
• 1.5% other solutes

hepatocyes (liver cells)

54% of plasma proteins; helps maintain blood osmotic pressure which affects the exchange of fluids across capillary walls.

38% of Plasma protein; include antibodies (immunoglobulins) which are defensive proteins produced during certain immune responses

7% Plasma proteins, key protein in blood clot formation

120 days

• Eosinophil, basophil,
• neutrophil

monocyte, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte

To combat pathogens and other foreign substances that enter the body.

• Lymphocytes recirculate between blood, interstitial space, lymph and return to blood. Other leukocytes
• cannot return to the blood once they leave it.

• T lymphocytes (Tcells) attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells, some bacteria.
• B lymphocytes (Bcells) destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins.
• Natural killer (NK) cells attack wide range of infectious microbes and certain tumour cells.

• Haematopoiesis is the production of formed elements. Liver, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes of foetus form this role then red bone marrow in last 3 months before birth and throughout life. Pluripotent stems cells comprised about 1% of red bone marrow cells. These pluripotent cells become either myeloid or lymphoid stem cells.
• Myeloid stem cells differentiate into erythrocytes, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes. Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into lymphocytes

Erythropoiesis is formation of erythrocytes. Myeloid stem cells forms precursor cell proeryhtroblast, ejects nucleus and forms reticulocyte, then erythrocyte.

Hypoxia of blood flowing through kidney triggers release of erythropoietin which circulates through blood to red bone marrow where it speeds up development of of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes

Biconcave disc, 8 micrometer diameter, no nucleus, contain haemoglobin molecules, lack mitochondria and generate ATP anaerobically.

to transport oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to lung

Erythrocytes phagocytosed and split into haem and globin. Globin broken down to amino acids. Haem broken down to (1) iron which is transported attached to transferrin in the blood and taken back to red bone marrow to be reused in erythropoiesis, and (2) non-iron portion, which is converted to biliverdin and then bilirubin which is transported to liver, enters bile, SI, LI where it is converted to urobilinogen which is excreted in faeces or transported to kidney to form urobilin.

The percentage of the blood volume occupied by erythrocytes. Typically 45%, meaning 45% of the blood is RBC.

• Antigens are found on erythrocytes
• while antibodies are found in plasma.

This refers to Rh (Rhesus) type. People with the Rh antigen are termed Rh +ve and those without it are termed Rh –ve.

Formation of platelet plug in haemostasis, release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and blood clotting

• Extrinsic- rapid, tissue factor leaks into blood from damaged tissue
• Intrinsic – slow, activators are within the blood. Endothelial cells become roughed and blood contacts collagen fibres below.

• As thrombin forms it activates more platelets, increasing their release of phospholipds and prothrombinase. Thrombin also increases formation of prothrombinase. Fibrin
• clot grows.

• Clot retraction is the consolidation and tightening of the fibrin clot by platelet contraction. This brings the edges of the damaged blood vessel surfaces closer together so
• permanent repair can occur.

A blood clot, debris, air bubble transported by the blood stream

Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel

Plasma minus clotting proteins

Insoluable protein fibres forming a network that traps formed elements of blood during clotting

Haemostasis stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured

erythropoietin speeds up development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes in response to hypoxia

A and B

Eosinophil

Hemopoiesis

Globulins

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

a platelet

Heparin

B

Thrombopoietin

RhD -ve group

• a decreased haemoglobin concentration and/or
• a reduced erythrocyte number

Hormone that stimulates the production RBCs. Testosterone stimulates the synthesis of this so higher heamocrit in males. Endurance athletes use for doping

significant drop in the hematocrit

hematocrit high, over 65%, can be caused by dehydration, low O2 levels,use of EPO

blood cell production

highly vascular connective tissue,

lasck nucleus, mitochondria, cannot reproduce, specialised for O2 transport, generates ATP anaerobically (breaks down glucose) so doesn't use O2 it is transporting.

the production of RBC. Precusor cell is proerythroblast which then divides adn ejects nucleus to become reticulocyte which develops into RBC 2 days after being released from marrow.

O2 deficiency in cells, triggers kidneys to release more EPO to stimulate mature RBC production

genetic blood disorder, RBCs are misshapen and stiff, casuing blockages, less surface area for O2 to attach, live 20 days, provides immunity to Malaria

if incompatible, the antibodies in recipient will attack the antigens of donated blood causing agglutination (clumping of RBC). The destroyed RBC release haemoglobin into system adn damage kidneys by clogging filtration membranes.

combat histamine

release harpin histamine adn seotonin, involved in allergic reactions

antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi

turn into macrophages and clean up debris

• B Cells - differentiate into cells that produce antibodies
• T cells - attack viruses, transplanted cells, cancers,

attack a wide veriety of infectious microbes

only a few days, some B & T cell live for years,

thrombocytes

helps cell contraction, cell signalling, the brian to function, extremely important for blood clotting

blood clot in undamaged vessel

the fibrin threads attached to edges of damaged vessel are pulled together when the clot retracts to assist in repair

servere anemia

Rh -ive

none of the serums - O type erythrocytes possess neither antigen