the astronomer "the personal equation" to describe individual differences in measurement error
Ebbinghaus
learning and forgetting
nonsense syllables
objectivity
quantification
Franz Brentano
Act psychology questioned Wundt that mental processes involve contents or elements
focused on mental activities (seeing) rather than mental contents (that which is seen)
memory, recall
imagination
Carl Stumpf
Primary data for psychology are phenomena (phenomenology)
Feud with Wundt
Fueld contemporary cognitive theories of emotion
Oswald Kulpe
Systematic experimental Introspection: first perform a complex task then have the subject provide a retrospective report about coginitive processes during the task.