A RAPID WAY FOR AN ORGANISM TO FIGHT OFF MICROORGANIAMS IN A GERNERAL WAY BEFORE THE SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY ARE ACTIVED.
NAME THE 3 UNITS OF NATURAL IMMUNITY.
(THINK UMBRELLA)
NAME THE 2 TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY.
CELL & Ab MEDIATED.
Enzymes can be isolated from
microbes used for the following:
NAME 3
Production of foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and synthesis of industrial products
High fructose corn syrup from corn starch
Recombinant technology allows for mass production of commercial product
-------are small metabolites
with anti-microbial activity
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are small metabolites
with anti-microbial activity aturally
produced ----- &------ AND -----.
by Gram- & Gram+ bacteria and some fungi
DEFINE ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are small metabolites
with anti-microbial activity
Naturally produced by Gram- & Gram+ bacteria and some fungi
NAME 3 WASY ANTIBIOTICS WORK
Disrupting the plasma membrane of cells
Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
Inhibiting synthesis of important metabolites
(Proteins, nucleic acids or folic acid)
--------------- family yields new antibiotics by moving cloned genes into organisms already
making similar antibiotics
Isochromanequinone
Isochromanequinone family NAME 2
Streptomycetes sp. or Penicillium
DEFINE cephalosporin production
Isochromanequinone family
(Streptomycetes sp. or Penicillium)
feed unusual substrates to microbes with pathways from other microbes may yield
novel antibiotics.
T OR F?
Methane may be a renewable source of clean energy in the future.
Produced anaerobically by bacteria in swamps and landfills and can be captured
TRUE
DESCRIBE CLOSTRIDIUM SCRUBBING ACTIONS.
Scrubbing removes the undesirable compounds so left with CH4> CO2 + H2O
(Clostridium)
WHY IS H+ THE BEST FUEL ALTERNATIVE?
Hydrogen offers the best alternative
Water and energy are the only bye-products
Bacterial and algal hydrogenase produces H2 gas
Bacterial fermentation would cut cost and time
NAME 3 BIOPOLYMERS
Polyethylene,
polypropylene,
polystyrene,
PVC are commonly used and are petroleum products
WHAT ARE PHA & PHB?
BIOPOLYMERS
Poly B-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and derivitive Poly B-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
WHAT ARE SOME USEAGE FOR PHA & PHB?
Carrier for fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides and fungicides.
In surgery as sutures, pins and staples
Artificial blood vessels
Bone replacements
Capsules for pharmaceuticals
DEFINE Biodegradation
Natural process whereby bacteria and fungi break down hydrocarbons > CO2 + H2O
Also get partial oxidation products
T OR F?
Hydrocarbons are abundant
pollutants.
TRUE
NAME Organisms
that can degrade hydrocarbons.
Bacteria,
yeast, micro-algae, cyanobacteria,
filamentous fungi-each breaking specific bonds in ring structures
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF BIODEGRADATION
Natural= phytoplankton and oil seepage
DEFINE Bioremediation
The process of reclaiming contaminated sites
Use microorganisms abilities to clean-up manmade recalcitrant compounds
NAME SOME VOLATILE/SEMI-VOLATILE PRODUCTS THAT CLEAND IN BIOREMEDIATION.
Volatile= benzene, PCBs, PBBs, PAH
Semi-volatile= phenol, naphthalene, PCPs
Oil is a complex mix of
---------.
hydrocarbons
Distilled petro products include....NAME 4
gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and heating oils
IN 1989 WHAT WAS THE DAILY OIL CONSUMPTION?
trillion gallons/day
T OR F?
Typical tanker accident dumps 100 million gallons of crude oil in the ocean/yr.
Usually only account for less than 10% of spills (Rest; refinery and small storage
tank)
TRUE
------- are responsible for much of the evaporated and dissolved molecules
Microbes
IN BIODEGRADATION
other non-dissolved or non-volatile
molecules could take centuries to degrade
WHY?
no access for enzymes or no other
nutrients available.
Microbes must be given the optimal
conditions to degrade these hydrocarbons effectively
NAME THEM AND RATIOS
C:N:P
100:10:1
Best known application of bioremediation technology
Aerobic microbial oxidation of
domestic sewage and industrial waste
Two common in situ
methods are ------- & -------.
pumping contaminated water over surface or, water percolation through contaminated soil
WHAT IS Effective for treating urban runoff, industrial effluents, landfill leachate, coal pile seepage,
agricultural wastes and all other wastewater
Artificially constructed wetlands
Best known application of bioremediation technology
FOR SOILS IS TREATED WHICH 2 WAYS?
Soils could be treated ex situ or in situ
T OR F?
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
is carefully controlled environment containing nutrients for microbial growth
true
T OR F?
In Artificially constructed wetlands
waste treatment ponds or lagoons are also used.
Are genetically engineered microbes needed to degrade the most resistant waste.
TRUE
Microbes discovered to have the ability to degrade compounds
1960
1960s; microbes discovered to have
the ability to degrade compounds:.
NAME 3
Pesticides, herbicides, organics
Stains of ---------
are known to degrade 100 + organic compounds
Pseudomonas
Halogenated aromatic rings are common
NAME 3 ITEMS.
Dry cleaning solvent carbon tetrachloride
PCBs, insulating electrical equipment
Many chlorinated compounds are natural
WHAT CHEMICAL STRUCTUE IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMICAL DEGRADATION?
NAME 2 GENERAL TYPES
Halogenated aromatic rings are common
Dry cleaning solvent carbon tetrachloride
PCBs, insulating electrical equipment
Many chlorinated compounds are natural
Non-halogenated aromatic compounds
Called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Composed of two or more benzene rings in any arrangement (linear, angled, cluster)
DEFINE DEHALOGENATION
Removing Cl, Br, I to detoxify a substance via deoxygenase.
Replaces halogen with hydroxyl group
T OR F?
Enzymes that dehalogenate
will convert polycyclics
to catechol or protocatechuate
TRUE.
These end up as acetyl-CoA or succinate, or pyruvate and acetaldehyde
T OR F?
Degradative pathways are often plasmid encoded
TRUE
Tol plasmid degrades ------ & -------.
toluene and xylene
pJP3 plasmid degrades ------.
2,4-D
HOW DOES ONE CONSTRUCT A SUPERBUG?
Conjugation is the normal mode + homologous recombination (superbugs)
The first engineered bacteria with degradative ability was made in the ------
1970'S
------------ tranferred plasmids for petroleum degradation into host bacterial strain
Chakrabarty
Chakrabarty tranferred plasmids for petroleum degradation into host bacterial strain
WHAT RESULTED ?
Fusion plasmid for octane and
camphor resulted, this work leading to patent
for oil eating bug (never used to clean up spills
Heavy metals are toxic at low levels
NAME THEM
As, Cd, Pb, Co and Hg disrupt metabolic reactions, bind DNA, increase mutations
THESE METALS ARE used as prosthetic groups (metabolism)
Trace amounts of Mg, Mn, Cu, Se
NAME 4 SOURCES OF HEAVY METAL TOXINS
Sources include smelters, power plants, waste incinerators and traffic
Transformation of metal wastes by
microbes...NAME 2 ITEMS
Plasmid encoded resistance (transporters),
chelation, transformation to nontoxic form
Recombinant forms are being studied for their effectiveness against metal-compounds
WHAT DOES MEOR STAND FOR ?
Microbial enhanced oil recovery.
Involves injection of bacteria into oil reserves, along with nutrients for growth and
colonization
------ producing microbes break up surface tension of oil allowing flow.
Acetone. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF INDIGENOUS MICROBES BEING STIMULATED.
Indigenous microbes can also be stimulated by injection of proper nutrients...NAME 2 PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY THIS METHOD
Microbial products like ECP and biosurfactants
Microbial products like ECP and biosurfactants...FROM WHAT AND HOW USED?
from fermenters can also be used to aid in recovery of oil.
Microbial products like ECP and biosurfactants from fermenters...WHAT DOES IT DO TO OIL?
These increase oil viscosity or block pores so oil is more accessible.
NAME 2 PROBLEMS WHEN UTILIZING INDIGENOUS MICROBES STIMULATED BY INJECTION.
Problems include:
1. Souring of oil by anaerobic microbes (increasing the sulfide content).
2. Aerobes will degrade the oil with heavy loss of aromatic and heterocyclic components.
Microbial oxidation processes convert insoluble metal compounds in ores to soluble extractable compounds
...NAME THE LITTLE CHAP THAT DOES THIS.
Thiobacillus ferroxidans live in acid, assists in copper and uranium extractions
Bacteria and fungi are valuable due to the ------ charge of their cell wall
negative.
Bacteria and fungi are valuable due to the negative charge of their cell wall...HOW ARE Polysaccharides HELPFUL IN THIS PROCESS?
Polysaccharides trap cationic metals
Valuable metals are recovered from hazardous industrial wastes by adsorption via bacteria.
NAME THE WHO AND WHAT FROM THE NOTES.
Thiobacillus ferroxidans live in acid, assists in copper and uranium extractions. Also accumulates metals like cobalt and zinc inside the cell.
Four types of microbes used in recovery...NAME THEM
1.Heterotrophic microbes
2.Mesophiles that live at 20-40C
EX:Thiobacillus and Leptospirillum
3.Moderate thermophiles 40-55C
EX:Sulfobacillus
4.Extreme thermophiles greater 55C
EX:Solfolobus, and Metallosphaera
Metal Recovery Microbes..WHAT AND WHO LIVES AT 20-40C?
Mesophiles that live at 20-40C
Thiobacillus and Leptospirillum
Thiobacillus and Leptospirillum...WHAT TEMP DO THEY LIKE?
20-40C
NAME the Moderate thermophile that reside in temps at 40-55C
Sulfobacillus
Sulfobacillus...what temp do they like
Moderate thermophiles 40-55C
Extreme thermophiles like greater than 55C....NAME 2 OF THEM
Solfolobus, and Metallosphaera
Solfolobus, and Metallosphaera...WHAT TEMP DO THEY LIKE?
Extreme thermophiles
like greater than 55C
THE Four types of microbes used in recovery...ONE DOES NOT HAVE A TEMPERATURE RANGE. NAME IT.
Heterotrophic microbes
Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy by
oxidizing minerals and use CO2
Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy by oxidizing minerals and use CO2..NAME THE ELEMENTS THEY UTILIZE.
Sulfur, iron, hydrogen, and nitrifying bacteria
Mesophiles that live at -------.
Thiobacillus and Leptospirillum
20-40C
Moderate thermophiles -----.
Sulfobacillus
40-55C
Extreme thermophiles
like greater than ------.
Solfolobus, and Metallosphaera
55C
DEFINE Microbial Cell-Surface Display.
New technology in which foreign proteins are displayed on the surface of microbial or yeast cells by anchoring them to cell-surface proteins.
Microbial Cell-Surface Display:
The protein to be displayed is called the ---- ----- and the anchoring protein is called the ------ ------.
passenger protein
carrier protein
Signal-sensitive receptors or components for diagnostic applications in medicine or to monitor substances in the environment....WHAT METHOD?
Microbial Cell-Surface Display
Bioadsorbents to remove hazardous chemicals and heavy metals.
Bioconversions using whole-cell biocatalysts with anchored, immobilized enzymes. WHAT METHOD?
Microbial Cell-Surface Display
Live vaccine development by exposing antigens on weakened bacteria.
Antibody production by expressing surface antigens to the immune system. WHAT METHOD?
Microbial Cell-Surface Display
WHAT THE HELL IS THIS?
MICROBIAL CELL-SURFACE DISPLAY AND APPLICATIONS.
Microorganisms are used industrially to produce a variety of products. JUST FOR SHITS N JIGGLES, NAME 4.
1. Important chemicals
2. Antibiotics
3. Organic compounds
4. Pharmaceuticals
DEFINE Fermentation
An anaerobic process that generates energy by breakdown of organic compounds with various end products:
Lactic acid, enzymes, alcohols (ethanol, butanol), and acetone to name a few
NAME THE END PRODUCTS OF FREMENTATION
Lactic acid,
enzymes,
alcohols (ethanol, butanol),
acetone.
Industrial fermentation has a broad definition that includes the following:
NAME 2
1. Any aerobic process that produces biomass
2. Biotransformation of a compound, added to the fermentation medium, to a valuable compound
Bioreactors are used for reactions and require several steps for processing..NAME 5
1.Sterilization of equipment and medium
2.Preparation of inoculum
3.Cell growth and product synthesis
4.Product extraction and/or cell recovery
5.Disposal of medium/cells and cleaning
For rapid microbial growth cells need:
NAME 4 ITEMS
1. Consistent pH and oxygen supply
2. Antifoaming agents
3. Temperature control
4. Supply of nutrients
"CATS"
NAME 2 TYPES OF FERMENTERS
Stirred tank reactor
-Relies on agitation to circulate oxygen
Air lift fermenter
-Supplies air through a valve at the bottom.
-Creates high pressure that circulates the tank.
T OR F?
Ultrasound (sonication) is being examined to possibly increase production of cells within a bioreactor.
TRUE
FREMENTER PRODUCTS ARE COLLECTED 3 WAYS..NAME THEM.
1. Continuous fermentation (Chemostat)
2. Batch culturing
(collected post termination)
3. Single cell protein (SCP)
T OR F?
Microbes modify a compound to a structurally related compound.Products may not have value to the cell, but are still metabolized (useful to us).
TRUE
Synthesis of steroids RESULTS IN WHAT DRUG?
prednisone.
Anti-inflammatory drug Poison ivy and auto-immune diseases
L-phenylalanine from --- -----, its a
Multistep bioconversion microbial process
phenypyruvic acid
Ascorbic acid from------.
glucose.
-Microbes currently only supply one step out of many (may supply all in future)
T or F?
Ascorbic acid comes from glucose.
We use recombinant technology to give microbes the enzymes and cofactors they need for reactions.
TRUE
WHERE IS THE SPARGER ON A STIRRED TANK REACTOR?
BOTTOM OF THE TANK.
DEFINE Solid Substrate Fermentation.
Use of immobilized cells for product.
Cells chemically cross-linked to agar.
WHATS 2 PROBLEMS WITH Solid Substrate Fermentation?
Problems include side reactions and reduction of catalytic activity by matrix
Ice-minus bacteria keep produce from freezing until they reach ------.
-6 to -8C
WHO IS THE Ice-minus bacteria in frost sensitive plants?
P. syringae.
Deleted ice-nucleation gene.
-----strains of P. syringae are patented for use today that decrease the frost causing wild-types.
3
WHATS THE METHOD THAT MODS P.SYRINGAE?
Microbial Pesicides...NAME 2
1. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) forms endospores within the sporangium with parasporal crystaline inclusions that kill insect larva.
2. Baculovirus are invertebrate-specific DNA viral pathogens that infect and kill larva
----------------forms endospores within the sporangium with parasporal crystaline inclusions that kill insect larva
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
--------are invertebrate-specific DNA viral pathogens that infect and kill larva
Baculovirus
Two types of metabolites are synthesized by microbial cells. NAME THEM.
1.Primary metabolites. Made during cells growth cycle (essential to cell). Intermediary or end products.
2. Secondary metabolites are not essential to cell growth or function
-End products of metabolic pathways
-May give cells competitive advantage
Two types of metabolites are synthesized by microbial cells. WHICH ONE IS NOT ESSENTIAL TO CELL GROWTH OR FUNCTION?
Secondary metabolites are not essential to cell growth or function.
Two types of metabolites are synthesized by microbial cells. Which one is made during cells growth cycle (essential to cell)?
Primary metabolites are made during cells growth cycle (essential to cell).