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AndyRochon
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All living cells come from
other living cells
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How often do organisms produce new cells ?
continuously
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why must cells be replaced ?
they get wornout, old or damaged.
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The kingdom monera produce new cells by ?
binary fission
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Define binary fission
A form of reproduction for singled celled organisms
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What do chromosomes do ?
Chromosomes carry the hereditary information from one cell generation to the next.
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What is replication ?
The duplication of genetic material before cell division.
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The two new cells formed by binary fission are called ?
Daughter cells
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In organisms other than monerans, chromosomes are shaped how ?
Rod shaped
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How does replication insure that each daughter cell receives a copy af the genetic material
After chromosome replication, the copies move to seperate ends of the cell and the cell pinches in the middle forming two new cells.
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How often does bacteria reproduce through binary fission ?
Every 20 minutes
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How many chromosomes in a moneran
One chromosome and no true nucleus
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Why is cell division in multicellular organisms more complex ?
Because plants and animals have more parts and more chromosomes than monerans.
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After replication of the chromosomes in the neucleus, the nucleus devides through a process called ?
Mitosis
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Define mitosis
Cell division in multicellular organisms.
Or, the process that results in the formation of two daughter cells that are the exact copy of the original cell
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Before cell division in multicellular organisms, all chromosomes within the nucleus must ?
Replicate
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Name the two types of cells in a living organism.
Body cells and gametes
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Define gametes
A cell that is only involved in reproduction
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What are the two gametes ?
- In males - sperm
- In females egg cell
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Name the four fases of Mmitosis
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telaphase
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What happens durring prophase ?
Chromosomes become shorter and thicker and the nuclear envelope disapears
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What happens durring metaphase ?
The doubled chromosomes cluster at the center of the cell
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What happens durring anaphase ?
The doubled chromosomes split in two seperata chromosomes and move to oposite ends of the cell and the cell starts to devide
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What happens durring telephase ?
A new nuclear envelope forms around each of the two sets of chromosomes. The cytoplasm devides and daughter cells are formed.
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What is cytoplasm ?
Region between the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane
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Define meosis
Meosis is a type of cell devision that takes place in reproductive cells. Its purpose is to produce gametes.
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Reproduction of living organisms is called
Sexual reproduction
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Define sexual reproduction
The process by which two gametes fuse or join together to produce one cell that developes into a new indevidual.
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Why is it important for organisms to continuasly produce cells ?
Because they get old. warn out, damaged or die
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Why must there be two cell divisions in meosis ?
To reduce the mount of chromosomes
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Name the Australian monk who observed pea plants
Gregor Mendel
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Define genes
genes cary traight that are passed from one generation to the next. they are located on the chromosomes that replicate and seperatate durring mitosis and meiosis
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Genes are always paired except when ?
In gametes (cells involved in reproduction)
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Explain the diference between dominent and resesive
- Dominant is expressed
- Resesive is hidden
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Explain the diference between genotype and phenotype
- Genotype = the genes on an individuals chromosomes eg; Gg Tt ( actual genes )
- capitals for dominant genes and lower case for resesive
Phenotype = what an individual looks like because of that gene ( tall, short, yellow, green )
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Each chromosome is made up of ?
DNA
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what does DNA stand for ?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
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who discovered the structure of DNA ?
Watson and Crick
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How many molecules of DNA are found in a chromosome ?
One
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each human cell has ______ pairs of chromosomes
23
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each person has ____ sex chromosomes
2
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Besides the 2 sex chromosomes found in the human, what are the othere 22 pairs called
Autosomes
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Why are sex linked charactoristics more likely to show up in a male than a female ?
Because males only have 1 x chromosome and women have 2 x chromosomes, thus have a better chance to carry a dominant gene on one x chromosome.
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What is a carrier ?
A person who has a resesive gene but does not show the trait.
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A change in chromosome structure or in a gene is called ?
Mutation
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What is trisomy ?
Down syndrome
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What is albinism ?
No colour pigment
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Biologists who use the DNA molecule to cause changes in organisms are called ?
Genetic Engineers
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What is polyploidy ?
It results when a plant is exposed to a chemical that interferes with the normal chromosome activity durring meiosis. resulting gametes have more chromosomes than they would normaly have.
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What is recombinant DNA ?
DNA that is made up DNA from more than one cell or organism.
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