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Type V Construction
- Wood Frame Construction
- Strengths: Easy to breach/ventilate, resistant to collapse from earthquake, debris easy to manage
- Weaknesses: Susceptible to fire inside/outside, susceptible to total collapse, susceptible to water damage
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Type IV Construction
- Heavy Timber Construction
- Strength: Resist collapse to flame impingement, stable, easy to ventilate, easy to breach, manageable debris
- Weakness: Susceptible to fire spread & water damage, potential for flame to spread to other structures, rapid interior flame spread
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Type II Construction
- Noncombustible Construction
- Strength: Almost as resistive as Type I, confine fire, almost as stable as Type I, easier to vertically ventilate
- Weakness: Difficult to breach, steel structure can fail, roof less stable, steel components subject to heat/rust/corrosion, massive debris with collapse
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Type I Construction
- Fire-Resistive
- Strength: Resist direct flame impingement, confines fire, little collapse potential, impervious to water damage
- Weakness: Difficult to breach, difficult to ventilate, massive debris, floors/ceilings/walls retain heat
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Fire Load/ Heavy Fire Load
- Fire Load- maximum heat that can be produced if all combustibles in an area burns.
- Heavy Fire Load- Presence of large amounts of combustible materials in an area.
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What type of roof covering has the most potential to spread fire?
Wood shakes
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What is a sign that a structure may have questionable stability?
Reinforcement stars
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Signs of a building collapse
- Cracks or seperation in walls, floors, ceilings & roof structures.
- Presence of tie rods & stars that hold walls together.
- Loose bricks, blocks, or stones falling.
- Deteriorated mortor
- Leaning walls
- Distorted structural members
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What are all trusses made up from?
One or more triangles (the strongest geometric shape known)
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Bowstring Trusses
- Found in older buildings
- Car dealerships, bowling alleys, factories & supermarkets
- Round, Dome-shaped roof
- Could be surrounded by parapets or false points
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How much can steel beams elongated during a fire?
50' sections can elongate up to 4" @ temp of 1,000F or higher.
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How long does it take light-weight wood or steel trusses to fail?
5 to 10 minutes exposure to fire.
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What can reduce the chances of gusset plates warping & pulling out during fire?
Corner nailed
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What are some hazards in building renovation?
Occupants & belongings may still be in building, fire alarm systems may be deactivated & blocked exits.
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What can contribute to fire spread in abandoned buildings?
Breached walls, open stairwells, missing doors & deactivated fire protection systems.
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Why are buildings under construction suseptible to fire spread?
Because many of the protective features; such as gypsum wallboard & sprinklers are not in place.
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The collapse zone
Area extending away from building 1 1/2 times the height of the wall.
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Dangerous building conditions
- Fire loading
- Combustible furnishings & finishes
- Roof coverings
- Wooden floors & ceilings
- Large, open spaces
- Building collapse
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What is the proper ventilation for large open spaces?
Vertical ventilation is essential for slowing the spread of fire.
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Roof covering
Final outside cover that is placed on the top of a roof deck assembly.
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Heavy Fire Loading
The presence of large amounts of combustible materials in an area.
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Fire Load
The maximum heat that can be produced if all the combustible materials in an area burn.
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The two primary dangerous conditions posed by a building
- Conditions that contribute to the spread & intensity of the fire
- Conditions that make the building suseptible to collapse
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Signs when sizing up a building
- Age of the building
- Construction materials
- Roof type
- Renovations or modifications
- Dead loads; HVAC units, water tanks, etc.
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What are cantilever walls?
Walls that extend beyond the structure that supports them (overhang).
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The reaction of wood to fire conditions depends mainly on what?
The size of the wood and moisture content
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What is the most common building material used today?
Wood
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