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How many cells are needed for a neoplasm to arise?
1 = clonal
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proper term for malignant cancers?
Carcinomas
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What is Parenchyma?
cells that determine the organ or cell produced
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What is stroma?
general coonetive tissue and BV of new growths
-
desmoplasia
collagenous stroma
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T/F There is stroma in soft, fleshy tumors
F
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Three tumor causes? (HEN)
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Two locations and types of benign tumors that will kill just b/c of their location?
- Meningioma = brain
- Myxoma = heart
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Adenoma?
glands including liver and kidney
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Cystadenoma?
cystic mass lined from neoplastic glandular cells
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papilloma?
finger like-projections
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Polyp
growths above skin or mucosal surface, neoplastic or non-neoplastic (inflammation)
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Carcinomas (malignant) of basal cells or adnexa (hair, sweat glands)
Basal cell carcinoma
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Carcinoma of duct or columnar cell origin?
Adenocarcinoma
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What are the two epithelial tumors from placenta?
- Hydatidiform mole = benign
- Choriocarcinoma = malignant
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What are the two most common germ cell carcinomas, common in testicular tumor?
- Seminoma (dysgerminoma in females) = estes
- Embryonal carcinoma
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Teratoma origin? benign? Mature
- Totipotent origin, from all three germ cell layers
- benign: mature teratoma, cystic variety frome ectoderm
- malignant: immature teratoma
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Myxoma?
- benign tumor of mesenchyme w/ mucoid appearance
- ** most common tumor of heats in adults
-
T/F There are benign hematopoietic neoplasms?
False
-
Two hematopoietic neoplasms?
-
Three Nervous system neoplasms
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Heterotopia? Loctions:
- Pieces of one mature tissue present w/i another, developmental anomaly
- Locations: pancreas, gastric tissue (meckel's diverticulum), lingual thyroid, endometriosis, lacrimal gland tissue in conjunctiva
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T/F Endometriosis outside of uterine cavity is a developmental anomaly
F, the only one of the Heterotopias that is not developmental
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Choristoma? 4 Locations?
- def: One or more mature tissues come together to form tumor mass at random site
- location: conjunctiva, cartilage, Sm mm, lacrimal gl
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Hamartoma?
- -focal malformation of a mixture of tissues that are native to that area
- -devlopmental
- -benign neoplasia
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Transformation?
Malignant change in cell
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4 steps for the malignancy of a tumor cell?
- Transformation
- Growth
- Local invasion
- Distant Metasteses
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Differentiation?
- how close a neoplastic cell resembles comparable normal cells
- (e.g. benign cells are indistinguishable)
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Anaplasia?
Lack of differentiation, malignant characteristic
-
dysplasia?
disordered growth, precancer
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What is the largest life-compatible tumor?
1kg = 10 doublings from 1g
-
growth fraction?
- how many cells are proliferating
- -measure by S-phase
-
What is the origin of cancer?
Monoclonal
-
tumor progression?
- more aggressive behavior = more malignant potential
- ** occurs b/c of multiple mutations
-
tumor heterogeneity?
pop. of cells that differ with respect to phenotype
-
Infiltrate?
synonym for invasion meaning direct invasion of adjacent tissue or organ
-
metasteses?
Tumor implant discontinuous w/ primary tumor
-
Two malignancies that do not metastasize?
- glioma = brain
- basal cell carcinoma = skin
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What are the three pathways of metastasis?
- Seeding
- Lymphatic
- Blood borne (hematogenesis)
-
What is the most important determinant of prognosis for most cancers?
Stage: how far the tumor has spread
-
Seeding? examples?
- Def: breaks through to an open field and spreads onto surfaces of space
- Ex: ovarian, gastric/pancreatic, intestinal, lung, CNS, urinary tract
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Lymphatic spread examples?
- Carcinoma and some sarcomas
- Ex: oral (cervical nodes), breast (axillary), lung (perihilar), colon (paracolic)
-
What procedure is peformed if carcinoma has entered lymph travel?
Lymphadenectomy
-
What is sentinel node biopsy?
Removal of closest node to cancer = less likely to form lymphedema
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Hematogenous examples?
- ** mostly sarcomas
- ** usually venous, arterial mainly from lungs
- Ex.:
lungs, liver
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