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How often do REM periods occur on average in the normal human adult?
Every ninety minutes
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What have animal sleep studies shown to be true?
All mammals show REM sleep
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Who was the first person to record the EEG, including the loss of alpha waves with sleep onset?
Berger
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When are sleep spindles in the EEG normally first observed?
Sleep stage 2
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If an individual produced an EEG with delta waves present 60 percent of the time, what would it be scored as?
Stage 4 sleep
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Who first collected dream reports from REM sleep?
Dement and Kleitman
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On average, what is the incidence of dream reports from REM awakenings?
90 percent
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What did Dement's studies of REM deprivation show?
REM deprivation produces increased REM pressure
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Who founded the world's first full-time sleep disorders clinic?
Dement in 1970
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Why were the results of sleep deprivation study with Peter Tripp biased?
He secretly took large doses of a stimulant drug during the study
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What was found to be the cause of the Exxon Tragedy?
Excessive sleep debt
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What does the means score of 2-3 minutes on the MSLT?
Extreme sleep tendency
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As a rule of thumb, an average adult requires _____ of sleep for every _____ awake.
One hour; two hours
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The statement "the brain keeps an exact accounting of how much sleep it is owed" seems to be correct.
Nearly all of the time
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Studies have shown that large sleep debts are alarmingly common in which group?
College students, truck drivers, nurses and doctors.
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What have studies shown about the interaction of sleep debt and alcohol intake?
In the presence of high sleep debt, even very little alcohol can be deadly.
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Your textbook states that we are in the midst of pandemic of fatigue caused by which of the following?
Our "work hard, play hard" ethic
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What is the relationship between sleep deprivation and wakefulness?
All wakefulness is sleep deprivation
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Randy Gardner stayed awake for _____ hours and showed _____ symptoms of mental illness as a result.
264; no
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What does research on total sleep deprivation in animals show?
Rats die after about sixteen days
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What is the current thinking about the biological clock?
Responsible for clock-dependent alerting, sole function is to promote alert wakefulness, functions only at certain times
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Which of the following is defined as an internal neural mechanism that regulates body and behavioral functions on 24-hour schedule?
Biological clock
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Which of the following has occurred when a biological process and clock time are in synchrony?
Entrainment
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What is the current thinking about the homeostatic sleep drive?
Its sole function is to promote sleep
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The process of clock-dependent alerting predicts that on an average there will be two daily peaks in alerting. When does this occur?
Midmorning and early evening
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Which term refers to an individual who prefers to stay up late at night and who often feels most alert in the evening?
Owl
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According to the opponent-process model, wakefulness at any given moment is a product of which of the following?
Clock dependent alerting and sleep debt
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In setting day/night sleep/wake cycle of the biological clock, which is the most important Zeitgeber?
Light
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While early research suggested that the natural day/night cycle of the biological clock was about 25 hours, we now know that it is closer to which of the following?
24
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According to research, where is the biological clock located?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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On average, how many hours per day do neonates sleep?
16-18
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Current research suggest that REM sleep comprises what percentage of total sleep time in newborns?
50 percent
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When do parasomnias, such as sleepwalking and night terrors, often first appear?
In toddlers/children
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According to recent research, how much sleep do teens 13-19 need?
9.5
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Compared to adults, what is the effect of equal amounts of sleep debt in teenagers?
More impairment than adults
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Sleep scientists' work with teens has shown that their frequent delayed sleep phase syndrome produces an increase in the number of _____ among teens.
Owls
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Which of the following is a suggested solution for dealing with sleep debt in teens?
Allowing afternoon nap, light therapy, avoiding exciting activities after 9 pm
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Women often report disrupted sleep during what time?
Menstrual periods, pregnancy, menopause
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Which of the following is most likely to show an advanced sleep phase syndrome (lark) daily schedule?
Elderly
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The incidence of sleep apnea is greatest in which age group?
Elderly
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