Exam 3

rounded head of one bone fits into cuplike cavity of another

flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation

ex: shoulder, hip

oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone

flexion-extension, abduction-adduction

ex: wrist

articular surfaces are flat

flexion-extension, abduction-adduction

ex: carpal bones of wrist

spool-like surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone

flexion-extension

ex: elbow, knee, ankle

ringlike structure that turns on a pivot

rotatino

ex: wrist turning a doorknob

bone surfaces are convex on ons side and concave on other

side to side and back and forth

ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb

immovable

synarthrosis

ex: skull

slightly movable

amphiarthrosis

ex: pubic symphyis, joints of vertebrae

freely movable

diarthrosis

ex: gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket joints

lateral movement of a body part away from midline of body

lateral movement of body part toward the midline of body

movement of the distal part of the limb to trace a complete circle while the proximal end remains fixed

state of being bent

the state of being in a straight line

the state of exaggerated extension usually resulting in an angle greater than 180 degrees

backward bending of the hand or foot

flexion of the foot

the turning of a body part on the axis provided by its joint

body part turning on its axis toward the midline of the body

body part turning on its axis away from midline of body

assumption of the prone position

assmption of the supine position

movement of the sole of the foot inward

movement of the sole of the foot outward

sense of position and movement provided by sensory organs of the inner ear

informs the brain of the location of a limb or body part through stimulation of nerves endings in muscles, tendons, and fascia

visual impressions contribute to posture by alerting the person to spatial relationships with the environment

when extensor muscles are stretched beyond a certain point their stimulation causes a reflexion contraction to reestablish erect posture

increased efficency of heart

decreased resting heart rate and BP

increased blood flow and oxygenation of all body parts

increased cardiac workload

increased risk for orthostatic hypotension

increased risk for venous thrombosis

increased depth of respiration

increased respiratory rate

increased gas exchange at alveolar level

increased rate of CO2 excretion

decreased depth of respiration

decreased rate of respiration

pooling of secretions

impaired gas exchange

increased appetite

increased intestinal tone

increased urinary stasis

increased risk for renal calculi

decreased bladder muscle tone

disturbance in appetite

altered protein metabolism

altered digestion and utilization of nutrients

increased blood flow to kindeys

increaed efficiency in mantaining fluid and acid-base balance

increased efficiency in excreting body wastes

increased muscle efficiency

increased coordination

increased efficiency of nerve impulse transmission

decreased muscle size, tone, strenght

decreased joint mobility, flexibility

bone demineralization

decreased endurance, stability

increased risk for contracture formation

improved tone, color, turgor resulting in improved circulation

increased risk for skin breakdown

exercise involving muscle shortening and active movement

muscle contraction without shortening

muscle contractions with resistance

impaired muscle strength or weakness

absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment

attachment of muscle to more stationary bone

atatchment of muscle to more movable bone

info from recptors to brain to CNS to response

CNS to skeletal muscle

correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion

premature bone ossification leading to dwarfism

brittle bones at birth

excessive bone destruction & abnormal regeneration resulting in pain and deformities

state of slight muscle contraction (normal)

permanent muscle contraction

incomplete lung expansion

consolidation and immobilization of a joint

ease of movement and gait

alignment

joint structure and function (ROM)

muslce mass, tone, strengthh

endurance

long

short

flat

irregular

skeletal

cardiac

smooth/visceral

condition in which the body is in a decreased state of activity

state of rest accompanied by altered consciousness and relative inactivity

complete a full cycle daily

stages III and IV of NREM

10% of total sleep time

stages I and II

50% of total sleep time

more difficult to awaken

dreaming

20-25% of total sleep time

increase in pulse, resp, BP, metabolic rate, temp

skeletal muscle tone and deep tendon reflexes depressed

essential to learning, memory, and adaptation

after being deprived of REM for several nights, body spends more time in REM

stages I-IV

about 75% of sleep time

parasympathetic NS dominates - pulse, resp, BP, metabolic rate, temp decrease

wake --> stage I NREM --> stage II --> stage III --> stage IV --> stage III --> stage II --> REM --> stage II

difficulty falling asleep, intermittent sleep, or early awakening

dyssomnia

sleep disorders characterized by insomnia or excessive sleepiness

dyssomnia characterized by excessive sleep esp. during the day

dyssomnia characterized by an uncontrolable desire to sleep

absence of breathing or diminished breathing efforts (hypopnea)

dyssomnia

cannot lie still and report unpleasant creeping, crawling, tingling inlegs

• Urge to move the legs
• Rest induced
• Gets better with activity
• Evening symptoms more severe

decrease in amount, consistency, or quality of sleep

patterns of waking behavior that can appear during REM or NREM sleep

parasomnia

sleep-walking

parasomnia of teeth grinding

parasomnia of urinating during sleep

marked muscle contractions that result in jerking of one or more legs during sleep

facilitates reflex and voluntary movements

controls cortical activities related to state of alertness

wakefullness occurs wehn system stimulated

control center for sleeping and waking

norephineprine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

GABA necessary for inhibition

natural chemical produced at night that decreases wakefulness and promotes sleep

nonpharmacologic approaches to resolve insomnia

leptin - signals brain to stop eating

ghrelin - promotes eating

lack of sleep decreaes leptin and raises ghrelin

sense that perceives the solidity of objects and their size, shape, and texture

(external sense)

visual

auditory

olfactory

gustatory (taste)

stereogenosis - solidy of objects & size, shape, texture

kinesthesia - awareness of body positioning

visceral sense - inner organs

proprioception - body positioning

stimulus

receptor or sense organ

nerve impulse

activation in brain

optimal arousal state of RAS

extreme drowsiness but able to respond normally to stimuli

decreased sensory input or monotonous input

RAS unable to project normal level of activaton --> hallucinations may result

too much stimuli

brain unable to respond meaningfuly or ignore

impaired or absent functioning in 1+ senses

genes control "genetic clocks"

changes in immune system influence aging

thymus loses size & function

age-associated changes in immune system

cross-linkage - chemical reaction that produces damage to DNA & cell death

as one ages, cross links accumulate --> cell damage

free radicals - molecules formed during cellular metabolism that have adverse effects on adjacent molecules

irreversible damage results in accumulated effects of this damage

40-65

generativity vs stagnation

establish and guide next generation

accept middle-age changes

adjust to needs of aging parents

reevaluate goals and accomplishments

maturation, personal motives and values, civic responsibility

adjust to physical changes

maintain a satisfactory occupation

assist children to become responsible adults

adjust ot aging parents

relate to spouse

choose to either continue an established lifestyle or reorganize one's life ina period of midlife transition

look inward

accept lifespan as having boundaries

have special interest in spouse, friends, community

increase feelings of self-satisfaction

become more concerned with health

decreased elasticity

balding

skin may become pale due to loss of melanocytes

nails thicken and yellow

decrease in subq tissue and weight

muscle mass & strength decreases

bone dimeneralization

joints stiffen & lose flexibility

overall mobility slows

CNS responds more slowly

temp regulation and pain/pressure perception less efficient

loss of sensation in extremities

difficulty w/ balance, coordination, fine movements, spatial orientation

sleep at night shortens, catnaps common

diminished visual acuity (presbyopia)

diminished hearing acuity (presbyacusis)

taste & smell decreased

blood vessel less elastic --> venous return less efficient

less able to increase heart rate and cardiac output with activity

pulmonary elasticity & ciliary action decrease --> resp rates may increase w/ diminished depth

digestive juices diminsh & nutrient absorption decreases

constipation and indigestion due to decreased muscle tone and peristalsis

tooth decay & loss

blood flow to kidneys decreases

number of functioning nephrons decreases

fluid and electrolyte balance fragile

bladder capacity decreases

hypertrophy of the prostate in men

atrophy, decrease of secretions and thinning of genital tract in women

withdraw from usual roles and become more introspective and self-focused

sucessful aging involves ability to maintain high levels of activity and functioning

healthy aging related to ability to continue similar patterns of behavior from early & midlle adulthood

ego integrity vs despair & disgust

life review/reminiscence

maintenance of social contacts & relationships

sucessful aging depends on ability to be flexible & adapt to new age related roles

medical or nursing interventin triggers a sequence of adverse events that leads to a downward spiral and decline

temporary stae of confusion

various organic disorders that progressively affect cognitive functioning

technique which involves interventions to redirect the patient's attention to what is real in the environment

ability to carry out usual & desired daily activities

when a valued person, object, or situation is changed or inaccessible so that its value is diminshed or removed

loss recoginized by others

loss experienced by te person but intangible to others

loss experienced as a result of natural development process

loss experienced as a result of an unpredictable event

person displays loss and grief behaviors for a loss that has yet to take place

internal emotional reaction to a loss

actions and expressions of grief

those in a state of grieving

• 1. shock and disbelief
• 2. developing awareness
• 3. restitution (rituals)
• 4. resolving the loss
• 5. idealization
• 6. outcome

• 1. denial & isolation
• 2. anger
• 3. bargaining
• 4. depression
• 5. acceptance

• irreversible cessation of all functions of circulatory and respiratory functions
• OR
• irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the stem

cessation of breathing

no response to deep painful stimuli

lack of reflexes and spontaneous movement

difficulty talking or swallowing

nausea, flatus, abdominal distention

urinary and/or bowel incontinence or constipation

loss of movment, sensation, reflexes

decreasing temp w/ cold/clammy skin

weak, slow, or irregular pulse

decreasing BP

noisy, irregular respirations

restlessness and/or agitation

cooling, molting, and cyanosis of the extremities

taking care of whole person: body, mind, spirit, heart, soul

gradual withdrawal of mechanical ventilation

taking specific steps to cause a patient's death

withdrawing medical treatment to cause a patient's death