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What makes up the isotype
H chain constant region
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What presents endogenous antigen peptides to the ER
TAP 1 and TAP 2
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What are 2 main roles of IL8
- 1) Recruit neutrophils to site of infection
- 2) inc expression of CD11a/CD18 on leukocytes
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Why can superantigens cause serious effects in patients?
They directly stimulate the T cells to relaease IFN gamma
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The effects of endotoxic shock and TSS are mediated by what cytokine
TNF alpha
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What does cyclophosphamide accomplish in a patient undergoing a bone marrow transplant?
Ablation of the bone marrow
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What does Cyclopsporin do?
Inhibits cytokine formation and inhibits T cell production in transplantation.
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What is Goodpasture syndrome?
The production of specific IgG against antigens in the GBM
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PG and Lipid A both require ________
NAG
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PG and O-atnigen both require _________
Und-P
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Pili is associated with 4 things
- Twitching Motility
- Biofilm formation
- Conjugation
- antigenic variation
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Lysozymes function
Cleaves the bond between NAG and NAM which leads to cell lysis
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The replication of dsDNA is accompllished by
DNA dependent- DNA polymerase
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The replication of (-)ssRNA is accomplished by
Viral RNA dependant- RNA polymerase
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The only known gapped dsDNA virus
Hepadnaviridae
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The replication of Hepadnaviridae is accomplished by
- DNA dependent-RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase
- gapped DNA
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The replication of HIV1 is accomplished by
cellular DNA dependent- RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase
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What makes Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to drugs.
- Mycolic acid.
- Point mutations --> strains with more antibiotic ability
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Mycoplasma genitalium do not express what virulence factor due to its structure.
Betalactamase
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Capsule and choline-binding proteins are characteristic of which organism that causes severe community-acquired bacterial pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Herpesvirus, Borrelia bergdorferi, mycobacterium tuberculosis, and mycoplasma genitalium have what in common
- They are not adequately visualized by gram staining.
- Mycoplasma- too small
- spirochetes- too thin
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Girl in septic shock. Ear ache occured before. Blood cultures show gram (+) diplococcus which binds fluorescently-labeled anti-19A capsular antibody. What is the organism
- Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Negative for catalase and coagulase and is alpha-hemolytic.
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Retroviruses (HIV-1) require which polymerases to complete their replication cycle?
- Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
- Cellular DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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Function in capsid in a naked virus
Protection of genomic cargo and cell binding.
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Family of Hepatitis B virus that is enveloped and partially dsDNA that encodes its own reverse transcriptase.
Hepadnaviridae
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Family of Hepatitis A that is naked and (+) ssRNA.
Picornaviridae
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Quaternary ammonium compounds are most effective against _____
Herpesviruses
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Direct mode of tissue damage via naked virus infection.
Cytolysis due to viral release
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Cytokines responsible for the symptoms accompanying the prodromal phase of a viral illness
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-8 & IFNa/B
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Cytokines responsible for the cell-mediated tissue destruction accompanying the symptomatic pahse of several viral illness
IL-12, IFN-y, & IL-2
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Antigenic drift is involved in which phase of pathogenesis
Viral spread
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Human cytomegalovirus viroceptor expression is a virulence mechanism for
Altering host immune defense mechanisms
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Rotavirus NSP4 protein expression is a virulent mechanism for
Production of a toxin
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The purpose of Human herpesvirus gE-gl virally-encoded Fc-gamma receptor is to
Inhibit the antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
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What promotes the Pkr protein synthesis of antiviral activity
IFN-a
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CD4+ Th1 lymphocytes orchestrate
CD8+ T lymphocyte cytotoxicity response
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What are the responses of Th1 cells in viral infections
IFN-y and IL-12
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What kills viral infected cells in the context of very low levels of MHC-I
Natural killer cells
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What happens after IFN-a binds a virus infected cell
inactive RNA-activated protein kinase (Pkr) expression which, upon activaton by double-stranded RNA, inactivates the translation activator eIF2 thereby terminating mRNA trnaslation and promoting apoptosis and autophagy.
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WHat recpetor initiates the cascade leading to type I IFN expression in virus-infected cells
Toll-like receptor
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What are the main events required for CD4 T lymphocyte activation against extracellular pathogens
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells & IL-4 production by macrophages
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What is reuired for initiation of CD4 T cell mediated response
MHC class II antigen presentation, CD80/CD86 co-stimulation and IL-12.
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Gram (-), oxidase(-), lactose-fermenting, sorbitol non-fermenting rod
E. Coli
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Gram (+), strictly anaerobic rod that prodcues toxin A, which affects host cell's ability to polymerize actin.
Clostridium dificile
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What toxin is produced by C. dificile
An AB toxin
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Gram (-), oxidase-positive, kidney-shaped diplococci.
Neisseria meningitidis
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Serotypes of the causative agents of N. meningitidis
- A, B, C, Y, W-135.
- All but B currently have vaccine.
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Amoxixillin, Vancomycin, and Bacitracin all have what in common?
They disrupt the synthesis of the cell wall.
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What is an immunotoxin
A toxin that fuses to an antibody
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