integumentary system.txt

stratum corneum, s. lucidum, s. granulosum, s. spinosum, s. basale

only layer of epidermis to have living tissue

only found on thick skin - think callus

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

made of skin (cutaneous membrane - epidermis & dermis), hypodermis and accessory organs

protection, temperature regularion, sensory regulation, vitamin D synthesis

blood reservoir, excretion

below the dermis; subcutaneous layer with adipose tissue, collage, elastic fibers, blood vessels and special nerves; also subcutaneous layer. Function is to bind the integument ont othe underlying structures (muscle) and storage of energy

below the epidermis; made of dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, sweat glands and sebaceous glands

very uneven top layer; holds Meissner's corpuscles (for sense of touch). Dermal papillae create fingerprint ridges

made of irregular connective tissue; makes up most of the dermis. Holds Pacinian corpuscles (sense receptors for deep pressure), hair follicles and sweat glands

in reticular layer, connected to a band of smooth muscle - arector pili

outermost layer of skin - made of stratified squamous cells; made of 5 layers

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells

primary cell form for epidermis, form keratin fibrils

form pigment (melanin)

macrophages, immune system

nerve branches for touch

deepest layer - germinating cell layer, rapid cell division; merkel and Melanocytes

Langerhans cells fight infection, shape of cells is caused by strong adhesion junctions

thin layer, contains granules of melanin and glycolipids (for waterproofing)

found only in thick skin - no melanin

top layer - thick layer of dead squamous cells

tactile - in papillary layer; feels smooth and rough

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

produces colors from pink - brown - black; produced by melanocytes; protects DNA from UV radiation; everyone has about the same number of melanocytes per square inch of skin; faster melanin production due to vitamin D production

yellow/yellow-orange pigment; present in s. corneum and adipose tissue; stored there from diet

protein found in the blood - produces pink pigmentation

liver malfunction

adrenal malfunction - bronzing of skin

hair, nails, sweat glands

shaft, bulb, hair papilla, root, cuticle, cortex and medulla

bulb (papilla, root plexus, matrix), follicle walls (connective sheath, epithelial sheath), arrector pili

part of the hair above the surface of the scalp - dead material

living part of the hair root, contains a small area of hair papilla tissue which supplies the hair bulb with nutrients

makes up the outer layer of the hair follicle

makes up the inner layer of the hair follicle

bundle of smooth muscle, which raises the hair in response to fear, cool surface temperatures and as a protection mechanism

development as a scalelike modification - function is to help pick up objects and to scratch an itch - also keeps Meissner's & Pacinian corpuscles at the the right distance beneath the epidermis to work properly

ideopathic; male pattern (testosterone); protein deficient diets, antidepressants, blood thinners, chemotherapy, actuely high fever, severe emotional trauma

eccrine, sebaceous, apocrine, mammary, ceruminous

found all over body; secretion is mostly water, salt & urea; thermoregulation for the body; ducts empty directly onto skin surface; scentless

associated with hair; turn on during puberty; releases sebum (oily); causes blackheads & acne; keeps hair supple & not dry; scented

associated with hair; turn on during puberty; found in axillary and genital areas; secretions contain water, salt & urea along with proteins and lipids (which act as nutrients for bacteria); ducts empty into hair follicles; scented

specialized sweat glands; secrete milk (calcium, protein)

modified apocrine gland located in lining of ear canal; produce earwax; main function is protection