-
rivers and glaciers get their energy from?
solar energy and the external heat engine
-
the internal heat engine provides the energy for?
earthquakes
-
the earths tectonic plates are moved by convection in the?
mantle
-
all of the earth's oceans floor was created in ?
mid ocean ridges
-
what feature is found when two oceanic plates converge
trench
-
compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is
less dense
-
the deepest earthquakes are
where plates are converging
-
the himalaya mountains formed
as two continents collided
-
a rift valley would be founded where tectonic plates are
diverging
-
the hawaiian islands are
over a hot spot in the mantle
-
the atomic particle with a positive electrical charge is called the
proton
-
which of the followings elements would form cations?
iron
-
the sun's energy is produced by
nuclear fusion
-
an amoprhous solid is a
glass
-
the type of chemical bond that is most flexiable is the
metallic
-
a mineral must be a........
solid
-
what is an example of something that is not a mineral
wood
-
what is an example of something that is not a mineral
oil
-
metallic, glassy, dull, and non metallic are examples of
luster
-
which property is useful in identifying almost all minerals
hardness
-
a mineral that breaks into curved irregular fragments is demonstrating
fracture
-
mafic minerals are rich in
iron and magnesium
-
a volcanic rock with a mafic composition is called
basalt
-
an ingneous rock with two different sizes of crystals in it is
porphyritic
-
sharp angular lava is called
aa
-
cinder cones
are entirely made of pyroclastic material
-
the largest volcanoes are
shield volcanoes
-
the type of volcano made of andesite is
composite volcano
-
a good example of caldera is
crater lake
-
a nuee ardante is
a glowing cloud of hot gas and ash
-
a lava that erupts underwater would have
pillow structure
-
a felsic intrusive rock would be called
granite
-
mineral usually known as fools gold
pyrite
-
biotite is a type of
mafic mica
-
decompression or the lowering of pressure can cause a rock to
melt
-
the rate that the temperature increases with depth downward into the earths is the
geothermal gradient
-
according to bowen's reaction series the first silicate mineral to melt ad a rock is heated will be
quarts
-
an example of a mineral not apart of the bowen's reaction series
gypsum
-
polymorphs are different minerals with the same
chemical formula
-
calcite dolomite and malachite are
sulfides
-
a igneous structure that is cuts the bedding in older rocks is called
dike
-
igneous rock made of giant crystals is called
pegmatite
-
element
- basic substance that can never be subdivided by any chemical or physical means
- 92 in nature
-
ion
an atom (or group) that had gained or lost electrons and it had an electric charge
-
isotope
an atom of the same element with different mad and different number of neutrons
-
atomic bonding and there are 4 types
- METALIC BONDING: between cations substaines, flexiable, good conductors
- COVALENT BONDING: between anions, strongest bong, brittle, poor conductors
- IONIC BONDING: cation and anion, poor conductors brittle medium to soft hardness
- WEAK BONDING: between groups of atoms, brittle soft to medium hardness, low melting point
-
minerals
an inorganic naturally occuring crystaline solid with a definite composition and definite physical and chemical properties
-
earth materials
rock and minerals
-
external process
wind water rivers streams glaciers waves currents
-
nuclear fusion
small atoms combined and matter is turned into energy
-
internal process
earthquakes volcanos tectonic plated movemnt
-
nuclear fissions
large atoms split apart and miss is converted to energy
-
felsic rocks are
- rich in silicon and aliminum
- lighter in color
- less dense
-
polymorphs
different minerals with the same chemical formula nut different crystal structure
-
ingneous rock
produced by melting other rocks
-
3 ways to melt a rock
- 1. raising the temperature
- 2. lowering the pressure
- 3. add volatiles
-
plutons
body of solidfied magma
-
dike
cut through the layers in a country rock
-
partial melting
produces a magma more felsic then the original rock
-
plutonic or intrusive igneous
- form below the earths surface and form magma
- crystalize slowly
-
volcanic or extrusive igneous
- format the earths surface
- crystalize quickly from lava
-
felsic lave
- lower tempertaure higher viscosity
- explosive
-
mafic lava
- higher temperature
- lower visersity;
- less explosive
-
lava dome
- made of felsic lava
- small up to 6000 feet
- steep
- explosive
-
cinder cone
- made entirely of pyroclastic material
- mafic (basalt)
- gas, rich lava
- small volcanoes
- steep
- often found in groups
- can appear suddenly
- can flow from the base
-
stratovolcano or composite cone
"classic volcano"
- andesite intermedite composition
- layers of lava and pyroclosticas
- large up to 20000 ft
- explosive
-
shield volcano
mafic lava
- biggest up to 30000 ft high
- not explosive
- gental slope
-
flood basalts
- very fluid mafic lava
- no cone
- can cover huge areas of land 1000s of miles
-
caldera
huge volcanic crater formed when a volcano collapes down into a particle empty magma chamber
-
xenolithla
partically melted pieces of country rock included in the magma
-
what 4 steps make sedimentary rock
- WEATHERING: parent rock is turned away to sediment (or ions solution)
- TRANSPORT: sediment is carried away by water (steams, rivers, glaciers, ice)
- DEPOSITION: sediment accumulates in a new location
- LITHIFICATION: the sediment is turned into sedimentary rock
-
2 types of weathering
- phyisical or metranical weathering
- the parent rock is broken into fragments called clast and the reason for that is abrasion (the impact of clast being transported)
- Chemical weathering:
- parent rock is dissolved
-
carbonic acid
- all rain is slightly acidic
- weak acid (dose not affect living things)
-
suffic acid or hydrochlorie acid
- strong acid
- problem by human pollition
-
organic acid
- plant roots
- rotting vegitations
-
sediment maturity
increases when sediement is carried by water and wind
-
depostion
important enviornment of depostion
-
lithification
- turing sediments into rock
- 1. compaction
- 2. cementation crystals: crystal overgrows precipitate out from the ground water and lock grains together
-
ground levels
- 0 horizon: organic matter
- A horizon: mixed organic and sediment
- E horizon: zone of solution
- B horizon: zone of accumuliation
- C horizon: weather rock fragments
solid rock
-
chemical sedimentary rock
made of material transported as ions in a solution usually
-
organic sedimentary rock
made of organic living materials
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