human evolution and survival

similarities between organ bases strictly on common function ( not descent) Ex: butterfly wings VS. bird wings.

• leads to analogies
• The separate evolutionary developmen of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms

traditional approach to classification...evolutionary relationships between species depicted using phylogenetic tree

• chart showing evolutionary relationships
• - contains time factor
• - implies ancestor- descent relationships

evolutionary relationships shown in a cladogram

• -Focuses on derived traits
• a diagram of evolutionary relationships, "no time" factor

• shown in descendent but not in ancestor
• - Ex: bipedal humans but not apes

a homology that is present in both ancestor and descendent species

group of organisms that share a common ancestor

order of mammals that include 200+ species

Adapted to living in trees

• -prehensile hands and feet ( 5 digitd, opposable thumbs)
• -stereoscopic vision, color vision in diurnal primates- active during the day
• -nails not claws
• -generalized detention (teeth used=all foods)
• -omnivores

• NW: 2 incisors-1 canine-3 premolars-3 molars
• OW: 2 incisors- 1 canine- 2 premolars- 3 molars

• quaduped: usea all 4 limbs to support locomotion
• Bipedalism: Walking upright on 2 legs
• Knuckle-walking: gorrilas&chimps

• Brachiating: arms swinging
• vertical leaping&jumping

• **Suborder of primates:
• -lorises, lumrs (smallest), galagos (nocturnal),tarsiers
• Characteristics:
• grooming claw, rhinarium(cat nose), toothcomb post orbital bar (eye socket)..except of tarsiers

• -OW monkeys
• -sexual dimorphism
• -ischial callousity on butt of baboon
• -Estrous sweeling in female baboon

• -Lesser apres ( gibbons&siamangs)
• -Monogamous pair bonds
• - territorial
• -whhops, calls

• Family: Hominidae
• -borneo&sumatra
• -extreme sexual dimorphism
• -quadrumanous (all limbs adapted to functionaing as hands)

• W. Subsaharan africa
• marked sex dimorphism
• knuckle walkers
• vegetarian mainly

• (equatorial africa)
• -knuckle walking, sometimes bipedalism
• -cooperative hunting grps
• -uses tools
• -complex social behavior

• *Same genus as chimps
• -congo
• -"Pygmy"
• -less dimorphic
• -less aggressive-> sexually active= strong male&female bonds

• Universe= 13.7 billion
• earth= 4.5 billion
• earliest primates= 55 MYA
• earliest hominins= 6-7 MYA

• Humas& great apes
• - modern humans and our bipedal ancestors
• -dates to late miocene epoch

any part of an organism that has been mineralized or has turned to stone

study of earth and processes that shaped it

study of how bones and other materials came to be buried and fossilized

• - Geology ( geographic area)
• - Time periods
• - Content (in terms of tissue & harder bones preserve better)
• -Taxonomy (larger anumals preserve better)
• -Demography (more remains of adults than juveniles)

• Arrived 65-68 MYA in the paleocene epoch
• Occured after end of Mesozoic Era

• 56-58 MYA
• lemure like, from N africa
• - Paleocene epoch

• -56-33 MYA
• -1st "true" primates
• - N. Africa, Europe, China
• - Eusimias: an eocence antrhopoid primate 45 MYA China

• -33-23 MYA
• - Aegyptopitheus: Egypt (Fayum Loacality), oligocene anthropoid primate

• -a Suborder of primates
• -Manlike apes
• -monkeys, apes, humans

• 23-25 MYA
• - 1st hominoid primates
• -africa, Europe&Asia
• - Aboreal Quadrupeds
• - Proconsul: 23-14 MYA, mix of OW monkey & ape traits, no tail.

• -Europe 16-11 MYA
• -Hominoids

• - 15-7 MYA Asia
• -Shares derived traies w/ modern orangutans

• Patters of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one system varies from the rate,pattern, of evolution in another scene.
• -didnt all evolve together at the same time

The study of earlier human cultures thru the recovery & analysis of their material remains

• Prehistoric
• Historic
• Classical
• Maritime

Prehistyor, before written records

archaeology of classic states (greece, rome) near meditteranean sea& surrounding areas

after written records

• Underwater archaeology
• Nautical rchaeology- ships

material remains of past human cultures including temporal and spatial relationships

• **Environmental setting in which artifacts are found
• 1) primary= place of original deposistion
• 2)secondary= where it was moved

• - General process of findign archaeological sites
• - field survey, "walkovers"
• -remote sensing
• -aerial photgraphy

• - Artifacts: portable objects made by PPL
• -Features: non portable, cant be excavated in 1 piece
• -Ecofacts: culturally relevant but not made by ppl. Tells us about the environment around the site, non modifies organic material.

• * No age
• - items are ranked from youngest or oldest but no absolute age
• *stratigraphy (layers of earth..lowest=oldest)
• *superposistion
• *flourine&nitrogen analysis
• *cross dating
• *seriation

a lower layer/level is older than the higher one

• -Based on changes in animals over time
• - Using remains of animals to determine if one site is older/younger than another site, documenting changes in animals over time. using fossils in rocks to determins age
• -existing sites during same period might have same kinds of animals.
• ex: fossil pig skuli

• Measure the amount of flourine in bones, absorbed from water
• more FL= older
• no age

• More N2= younger
• no age

• Estimates age of artifacts based on similarities with other materials of known age
• No age

• Orders artifacts chronologically based on the popularity
• no age

• -Gives age estimated in yrs
• *radiometric decay
• *Potassium- argon
• *rasio-carbon dating
• *Thermoluminescence
• *dendrochronology

• Measure the rate of decay of certain radioactive isotopes
• gives age

• -Based on the radioactive decay of potassium-40 into Argon-40 in volcanic materials
• -used at early human sites because of its long "half life" which is 1.25 billion yrs

• -Only good for organic material between 1,000-50,000 yrs old
• -measures age of materials by measuring the decay of carbon-14

• -Primarily used with ceramic artifacts b/c ceramics relase stored NRG of radioactive decay in the form of light once reheated at 500 C.
• - once re heated, you can find out when it was last heated.

-Dating method on the study of yearly groth rings in ancient wood.

• -larger brain & general size
• - reduced dependence of sense of smell
• -greater color vision
• -closed eye socket
• -dimorphisms
• diff blood supply

• - defined as primates not apes or monkeys
• -lemurs, bushbabies, tarsiers
• Strepsirhini suborder except for tarsiers