Trunk and Spine

The adult vertebral column typically consists of how many vertebrae and what are the number of vertebra in each of the five regions?

The presacral vertebral column is flexible because it consists of vertebrae joined together by:

When looking at the spinal cord from a side view the thoracic and sacral(pelvic) curvatures are ___________ where as the cervical and lumbar curvatures are __________.

What is the name of a an abnormal spinal curvature where there is an increase in the thoracic curvature?

Dowager’s hump:

_____________ is characterized by ananterior rotation of the pelvis, producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature; the vertebral column becomes more convex anteriorly

______________ is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae.

What are the causes of Scoliosis?

The __________________ becomes prominent when an infant begins to hold his or her head erect.

The ________________ becomes apparent when an infant begins to walk and assumes the upright posture.

This curvature, generally more pronounced in females, ends at the _____________ , formed at the junction of the L5 vertebra with the sacrum.

The ______________ of females is reduced so that the coccyx protrudes less into the pelvicoutlet (birth canal).

A ____________ consists of a vertebral body, vertebral arch,and seven processes.

The _______________ (the anterior, more massive part of the vertebra)gives strength to the vertebra lcolumn and supports body weight.

The ______________ lies posterior to the vertebral bodyandis formed by right and left pedicles and laminae.

The _____________ are short, stout processes that join the vertebral arch to the vertebral body. The pedicles project posteriorly to meet two broad, flat plates of bone, called __________ ,which unite in the midline.

The vertebral arch and theposterior surface of the vertebral body form the walls of the ______________ .

What are the seven processes that arise from a typical vertebra?

A ________________ is the surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and their supporting laminae in a particular region of the vertebral column and also commonly denotes the removal of most of the vertebral arch by transecting the pedicles.

The most common congenital anomaly of the vertebral column is _____________, in which the laminae (embryonic neural arches) of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and fuse.

_______________ is associated with herniation of the meninges (meningocele)and/or the spinal cord (meningomyelocele).

_________________ is a condition in which a bone (vertebra) in the lower part of the spine slips out of the proper position onto the bone below it.

________________ describes a stenotic (narrow) vertebral foramen in one or more lumbar vertebrae.

The ________________ a ring consisting of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage forming the circumference of the IV disc.

The __________________ the central core of the IV disc and, at birth, the nuclei are about 85% water.

The _____________________ is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs.

The _______________________ is a much narrower, somewhat weaker band compared to the anterior longitudinal ligament.

The laminae of adjacent vertebral arches are joined by broad,pale, yellow elastic fibrous tissue called the ____________ (L. flavus, yellow), which extend almost vertically from the lamina above to the lamina below.

Herniation or protrusion of the gelatinous ______________ into or through the _______________ is a well-recognized cause of lowback and lower limb pain.

The _________________ of a herniated disc results from pressure on the longitudinal ligaments and periphery of the anulus fibrosus and from local inflammation, resulting from chemical irritation by sustances from the ruptured nucleus pulposus.

_________________ resulting from the spinal nerve roots being compressed by the herniated disc is referred to the area(dermatome) supplied by that nerve.

_________, pain in the lower back and hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg, is often caused by a herniated lumbar IV disc or osteophytes that compress the L5 or S1 component of the sciatic nerve.

When the transverse ligament of the atlas ruptures, the dens is set free, resulting in ____________________or incomplete dislocation of the median atlanto-axial joint.

When complete dislocation occurs, the dens may be driven into the upper cervical region of the spinal cord, causing ______________________, or into the medulla of the brainstem, causing death.

Rupture of an ______________ results in an increase of approximately 30% inthe range of movement to the opposite side.

Vasculature of Vetebral Column
Spinal branchs supplying the vertebrae are branches of the:

Innervation of Vertebral Column
Other than the zygapophysial joints (innervated by articularbranches of the medial branches of the posterior rami), thevertebral column is innervated by _________________________ .

The nerve branches outside the canal supply the:

The nerve branches inside the canal supply the:

Name the five categories of structures which receive innervation in the back and can be sources of pain:

What components make up the vertebral canal?

The ___________,the major reflex center and conduction pathway between the body and the brain, is a cylindrical structure that is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly.

The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the _________________ (commonly called the medulla), the caudal part of the brainstem.

The conus medularis may terminate as high as ____ or as low as ____ .

The _________________ extends from the C4 through the T1 segments of the spinal cord, and most of the anterior rami of the spinal nerves arising from it form the brachial plexus of nerves, which innervates the upper limbs.

The _______________________ extends from the L1 through the S3 segments of the spinal cord, and the anterior rami of the spinal nerves arising from it contribute to the lumbar and sacral plexuses of nerves, which innervate the lower limbs.

The spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris form the ______________,the bundle of spinal nerve roots running through the lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space).

Structure of Spinal Nerves
The cell bodies of somatic axons contributing to the anterior roots are in the ______________________of the spinal cord, whereas the cell bodies of axons making up the posterior roots are outside the spinal cord in the ___________________________ at the distal ends of the posterior roots.

The posterior and anterior nerve roots unite at their points of exit from the vertebral canal to form a ______________ .

Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Collectively, the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater surrounding the spinal cord form the _________________ .

True or False
The spinal dura mater is the outermost covering membrane of the spinal cord.

The ___________________ is a delicate, avascular membrane composed of fibrous and elastic tissue that lines the dural sac and the dural root sheaths. It encloses the CSF-filled subarachnoid space containing the spinal cord, spinal nerveroots, and spinal ganglia.

True or False
The arachnoid mater is not attached to the dura but is held against the inner surface of the dura by the pressure of the CSF.

The __________________ ,the innermost covering membrane of the spinal cord, consists of flattened cells with long, equally flattened processes that closely follow all the surface features of the spinal cord.

The enlargement of the subarachnoid space in the dural sac, caudal to the conus medullaris, and containing CSF and the cauda equina is the _________________.

Lumbar Puncture
Under aseptic conditions, the needle is inserted in the mid-line between the spinous processes of the ____ and ___ vertebrae.

Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots
Three longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord: an ______________, formed by the union of branches of vertebral arteries, and paired ________________ , each of which is a branch of either the vertebral artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

Muscles of Back
The _______________ muscles include superficial and intermediate muscles that produce and control limb and respiratory movements, respectively. The ________________ muscles include muscles that specifically act on the vertebral column, producing its movements and maintaining posture.

Name the superficial extrinsic muscles and there funtion:

Name the intermediate extrinsic muscles and there function:

The massive erector spinae, the chief extensor of the vertebral column, divides into three muscle columns:

What is the difference between back sprain and back strain?

What are the three major components of the spine?

The spine has four natural curves:
The cervical and lumbar curves are ________.
The thoracic and sacral curves are ________.

The _____________ is composed of the brain and spinal cord

The spinal cord, which originates immediately below the brainstem, extends to the __________________.

Beyond L1 the spinal cord becomes the _______________.

Nerve impulses travel to and from the brain through the spinal cord to a specific location by way of the _________________.

The _____ is the complex system of nerve roots that branch off from the spinal nerve roots.

The PNS includes the _____________ system and the ______________ system.

The ________________ includes the nerves serving the musculoskeletal system and the skin.

The __________________ is involuntary automatically seeking to maintain homeostasis or normal function.

The ANS is further divided into the ___________ system and the ___________ system.

The __________________ system is an involuntary system often associated with the fight or flight response.

The ______________ system is responsible for promoting internal harmony such as regular heartbeat during normal activity.

___________ fluid is a clear fluid found in the brain chambers (ventricles), spinal canal, and spinal cord.

True or False
Cerebrospinal fluid contains different electrolytes, proteins, and glucose.
In an average adult the total volume of CSF is about 150 milliliters

What are the three primary types of meninges:

Meninges
The __________, is the gray outer layer of the spinal cord and nerve roots.

Meninges
The _________ resembles a loosely wooven fabric of arteries and veins.

The _________ is the innermost layer and is a delicate and highly vascular membrane providing blood to the neural structures.

The intervertebral discs are:

True or False
There are no discs between the Atlas (C1), Axis (C2), sacrum and Coccyx.

True or False
Discs are not vascular

What type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral discs?

Intervertebral discs are composed of what two structures?

The _____________ is a strong radial tire like structure made up of lamellae; concentric sheets of collagen fibers connected to the vertebral end plates.

The annulus fibrosis encloses the ____________.

True or False
Although both the annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus are composed of water, collagen and proteoglycans (PGs), the amount of fluid (water and PGs) is greater in the nucleus pulposus.

Facet Joints:

True or False:
Facet joints are synovial joints.

What are the three more important ligaments in the spine?

The _____________ forms a cover over the dura mater.

The ________________ attaches to the front of each vertebra.

The ______________ runs up and down behind the spine and inside the spinal canal.

Spinal Anatomy
C1:
C2:

Spinal Anatomy
C3:
C4:
C5:

Spinal Anatomy
C6:
C7:
C8:

"_________" is a nonmedical term to describe hyperextension injury to the neck resulting from an indirect force, usually a rear-end automobile collision.

When considering a neck injury in all patients with a head injury what are the steps taken?

Types of Severe spinal cord injuries:
Deep tendon reflex (DTR's):
High Cervical:
Midcervical:
Low Cervical:
Thoracic: