Test #2

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

forms connective tissues and muscles

develops nervous tissue

all make up epithelial tissues

are found where a leakproof seal is needed b/t cells (stomach and bladder)

a dense layer of proteins "plaque" adhesion belt that keeps tissues from separation as they stretch and contract (when food moves through the intestines

as a "spot welds" hooks into the cytoplasm ( helps hold 2 cells together). Common among the epidermis and among cardiac muscle cells in the heart

are hlf-welds that join cells to the basement membrane

allows cells to communicate rapicly w/ one another. Are pores that allow small substances like ions to pass b/t cells (if cell gets sick/die it seals like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells)

• -lines every body surface, all body cavities, the external and internal lining of many organs
• -Protection, secretion, absorbtion
• -no blood vessels and has alot of nerves

a single layer of flat cells. In the air sacs of lungs, the lining of blood vessels & heart, and is epithelial membranes

a single layer of cube shaped cells. Lining tubules of the kidneys and glands

a single layer of column like cells, common in the diegestive tract. (w/ goblet cells-cilia, microilli, mucous)

are simple columnar cells that have the ability to secrete muscous( cilia-fallopin tubes and lungs, microvilli-like sponges absorbs in digestive system, & mucous-slightly sticky fluid)

appears to have layers but doesnt, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer

apical (free) surface squamous(flat) cells. SKIN

apicla surface: 2 or more layers of cube-shaped cells ( in sweat glands/ducts and part of the males uretha)

cells change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue (ex. bladder-in full bladder cells are flattened)

characteristic of the upper respiratory tract

Endocrine & Exocrine

secrete contents directly into blood, act on the entire body. Hormones (ex. thyroid and adrenal glands)

secrete contents into a duct, act in a certain location (ex. sweat gland)

• Serous glands- produce and secrete sweat, milk, tears, digestive juices
• Mucous glands- produce and secrete mucin which forms mucus with water
• Mixed glands-salivary glands contain serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two types

Merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine

the gland package secretions in secretory vesicles and releases it product by exocytosis. No part of the gland is lost or damaged. (Salivary gland)

pack secritory vessicles in apicla region, the ends buds off leaving a milky ordorless fluid. (ex. mammary gland, )

produced by rupture of the plasma membrane releasing the entire cellular contents and killing the cell(ex. sebaceous gland)

• is usually highly vascular and supplied w/many nerves.
• tendons have little blood and cartilage has no blood but are both C.T.

Protein fibers and ground substance and sparse cells-surroundedby an lot of extracellular matrix

the most common C.T., they secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers)

• Macrophages-immune cells
• Adipocytes-store triglycerides
• chondrocytes-make the various cartilaginous c.t.
• Ostcocytes-make bone
• Medlanocytes-pegment cells
• mast cells- secrete histamine/stimulate inflation

• collagen fibers-most commonstrong,strecth-resistant(bone, tendons, ligaments)
• elastin fibers- rubber-like flexible protein(found in skin, blood vessel walls and lungs)
• reticular fibers-form interwoven framwork(found around fat cells, nerve fibers, and smooth/skeletal muscle cells)

supports and binds cells together, provides a medium for the exchange of materials, stores water, and actively influences cell functions

• Mesenchyme-form into any tissue type stem cell
• Mucous-umbilical cord

Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, & Fluid

• areolar c.t.-fills spaces b/t organs and under skin (around blood ves., nerves, body organs
• adipose c.t.- deep to the skin & around organs & joints (fat cells)
• reticular c.t.- reticular fibers & cells (found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes)

• dense irregular-strength collagen fibers and a few fibroblasts ( found in the dermis of skin, and membrane capsules around organs)
• dense regular-parallel bundles of collagen fibers (forms tendons, most ligaments)
• elastic-branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts (found in lungs, trachea, & bronchial tubes)

• Hyaline cartilage-most abundant, provides a smooth surface for joint movement (ends of long bones,parts of ribs, nose, etc)
• Fibro cartilage-thick bundles of collagen fibers, strong & tough (in b/t vertebral of spine supports huge loads up and down the long axis of the body)
• Elastic cartilage-less collagen more elastic fibers allows flexibility (make up malleabel part of external ear)

minreal reserve, protects organs, aids in movement (support the system and body)

• Blood-has many cells
• Lymphs-

makes up large % of body's weight, create motion, maintain posture, move substances by peristaltic contractions, and generate heat through thermogenesis

• skeletal-in the skeleton, movement heat posture, striated multinucleated fibers parallel, voluntary
• cardiac- heart, pump blood continuousl, striated one central nucleus, involuntary
• visceral (smooth muscle)- G.I tract,blood vessels, eye, uterus.Peristal, blood pressure, pupil size,erects hairs.No striations one central nucleus involuntary

• consist of nerve cells(neurons) and neuroglial cells.
• central nervous system-brain and spinal cord
• peripheral nervous system-peripheral nerves

• Functional unit, conducts impulses from one cell to another.
• most neurons have cell body, axon, dendrites, and axon terminals
• Gather info at dendrites and process it in he cell body-->transmit info down their axon to the axon terminals

have serveral dendrites and only one axon located throughout the brain and spinal cord.Majority of neurons in the human body are multipolar

have one main dendrite and one axon. Used to convey special senses:sight, smell, heraring and balance. (in retina of the eye and inner ear, and olfactory)

contain one process which extends from the body and divides into a central branch that functions as an axon and as a dendritic root. Employed for sensory neurons that convey touch.

support cells of the nervous system. Aid in conducting impulses

• Cutaneous membrane-epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
• accerssory structures- hair, nails, exocrine glands

• Protection-filters UV light, prevents loss of body fluids, inhibits invasion of bacteria
• Thermal regulation-sweat glands/loss of water,alt, urea
• Lipid storage-fats
• Vitamin D synthesis-

• Epidermis-has keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. Thick vs thin skin
• Dermis- papillary layer (areolar c.t), reticular layer (dense irreg. c.t)
• Hypodermis/Sub Q- loose c.t (adipose and areolar) connect underlying muscle and bone to dermis contains large blood vessels

• stem cells onthe basement membrane (mitotic)
• continual cell division w/ daughter cells pushed to the next layer
• contains melanocytes-melanin synthesis and storage

• 5-6 layers of cells w/ spiny cytoplasmic extensions (keratinocytes)
• some cell division does occur in layer
• contain langerhans cells:macrophages for innume response

• 2-5 cell layers that produce keratin and keratohyalin
• keratohyalin limits dehydration, cross links keratin fibers
• organelles of celss start to disintegrate; apoptosis

• only in thick skin (palmar/plantar)
• glassy layer of flat cells packed w/ keratin

• varying number of individual cell layers
• tightly packed dead, keratinized cells (squames)
• continuously shed-constantly replaced

• Carotene-least common; orange-yellow pigment from diet
• Hemoglobin-pigment of blood;varies w/ oxygen, color tinges epidermis for dermis
• Melanin- primary determinant of variability in skin color, produced by melanocytes in stratum basale

• found in axilla, anal, groin regions, & around nipples
• secrete a sticky, cloudy & odorous secretion onto hair follicles
• secretion provides nutrient source for bacteria

• widely scattered over body surface
• secrete water, electrolytes, and metabolites onto the surface
• evaporation cools skin and body

• produce sebum into hair follicle to lubricate hair and skin
• most active late in fetal development and puberty

• located in external ear
• secretes cerumen (ear wax)

• Papillary layer-more pronounced on palms and soles to form surface ridges on epidermis; contain cappillary beds and nerve endings
• Reticular layer-deepest layer of dense irregular c.t; bundles of collagen fibers extend through reticular layer & hypodermis;elastin in layer affected by UV, age, hormones

casues the hair to stand up known as googe bumps

• composed of heavily conrnified cells that develop from specialized stratum corneum called nail matrix
• protect distal phalanges from damage/distortion during manipullation activity

extends across entire body except palmar/plantar surfaces, lips, and genitalia

• Root- part of the hair set in the follicle
• Papilla-small projection at bulb; provides blood suppy
• Shaft- keratin in 3 layers: Medulla(inner)-soft keratin, Cortex-hard keratin, Cuticle(outer)-scales of keratin