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What is cartography?
The study and making of maps in all their aspects
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What are the three aspects of GIS
The three aspects of Geographic Information Systems are: the capture, storage, retrevial, output, and analysis of spatial data
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What is the purpose of Reference Maps? WHat are the emphasis of Reference maps?
- to show a variety of features of the world or a portion of it
- Location and Accuracy
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What do Thematic Maps explain? What is their purpose?
- they demonstrate particular features or concepts
- They show the distribution of a single attrubute or the relationship among several
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What is an example of a Thematic Map?
- A church density map
- A racial landscape map
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What is the difference between the Thematic maps: quantitative and qualitative?
- Quantitative displays the spatial aspects of numerical data
- Qualitative displays the spatial distribution or location of kind
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What is significant about the Tropics of Cancer and Capicorn?
They are the northernmost and southernmost positions where the Sun lies directly overhead
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_______ is the north-south angular distance from the _____ to the point of interest.
Latitude; Equator
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______ is the angle from the ______ _______ to the ________ passing through the point of interest.
Longitude; Primary Meridian; Meridian
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A mathematical model of the earth. serving as the reference for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location
Datum
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What is the definition of great circles?
The largest possible circles on the surface of the spherical earth
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What is the definition of a map scale?
the ratio between map and ground distance
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What is the definition of Geographic Coordinate Sysyem?
is a coordinate system that enables every location on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers
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A mathematical model that transforms the locations of features on the earth's curved surface to locations on a 2D surface
Map Projection
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What are the three types of Projections based on Projection Surface?
- Plane (Azimuthal)
- Cylindral
- Conic
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What are the features of Cylindrical Projection Surface?
- Area, angle, distance, or direction may be distorted
- Bands parallel to the line(s) of tangency are LEAST distorted
- outer edges of map are exaggerated
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What are the characteristics of Conic Projection Surfaces?
- Tangency along parallels
- Compress scale in areas between the standard lines
- Map areas having greater east-west extent
- Ex. Continental United States
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What are the characteristics of the Azimuthal Projection Surface?
- Directions from the projection's center to all points are correct, and others are NOT correct
- Ex. GPS navigation
- Scale factor is one
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Explain the characteristics of the Universal Tranverse Mercator coordinate system.
- 60 zones, each 6 degrees of longitude wide
- each zone has its own origin
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Explain the State Plane Coordinate System.
- Each U.S. state has its own coordinate systems with high accuracy
- boundaries between zones in one states follow county boundaries
- 4x as accurate as UTM
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What is the definition of the Principle Scale?
- the scale of the generating globe
- units compared to units on the graph
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What is the purpose of vector data?
it uses point, line and polygon to represent spatial features
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Explain the characteristics of Nominal Vector Data.
- Use numbers and letters to label objects
- NO mathematical operations between classes
- Used for identification
- ex. zip code map
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Explain the characteristics of Ordinal Vector Data.
- Objects are RANKED from least to most or vice versa
- NO mathematical operations between observations
- MEANINGLESS DIFFERENCES among observations
- ex: traffic color map
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Explain the charactersitics of Interval Vector Data.
- Objects are RANKED
- Distance between ranks can be known
- Zero: ARBITRARYDistances make sense, but RATIOS DO NOTEx. Temperature maps
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Explain the characteristics of Ratio Vector Attributes.
- Objects are ORDERED with known distancs
- Zero: absence of a phenomenonBOTH DISTANCE AND RATIOS MAKE SENSE
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Name the Classification, Advantages and Disadvantages of Equal Intervals.
- range divided number of classes
- easy to calculate
- not suggested in sharply skewed data
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Name the Classification, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Quantiles.
- Data is RANKED and Equal Numbers of observations are placed in each class
- total observations/number of classes
- same percentage of observations in each class
- not suggested in sharply skewed data
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Name the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of Natural Breaks.
- To minimize differences within classes and maximize differences between classes
- subjective
- class limits easily computed
- good for identifying natural clustering
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WHat are the two parameters in isoline mapping?
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A region that is represented by rectangular blocks and assigned attributes to different cells
Raster Model
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WHat are three characteristics of Raster Models?
- Each cell can only own ONE FEATURE
- Lines can become flat
- Areas may need separately coded edges
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What is a DEM Raster Model?
- An array of uniformly spaced elevation data
- (a.k.a Digital Elevation Model)
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What are the pros and cons of LIDAR?
- Pros: highly accurate
- Cons: requires a lot of time to remove noises
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Images obtained by spaceborne or airborne sensors sensitive to particular parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
Aerial Photo
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The geometric center of a photograph and the point on the ground in line with axis of a camera lens
Principal Point
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The point o the ground that was directly below the camera
Nadir
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WHat is the First Law of Geography According to Waldo Tobler?
"Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things."
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WHich Sampling method requires you to choose a grid?
Stratified sampling
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The amount of detail used to report a measurement
Precision
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WHat is postional accuracy?
Horizontal vs. Vertical
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How well a map reflects the temporal nature of the area
Temporal Accuracy
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A measure of spatial interdependence of a variable, and the nature and strength of the interdependencies
Spatial Autocorrelation
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What are the 4 factors determining the visual effects of Relief Portrayal?
- direction of sunlight (sun's azimouth)
- angle of sunlight
- your actual surface
- slope
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