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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Mental retardation, slow growth & facial abnormalities caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Range of physical, mental & behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
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Embryo
Prenatal organism fr. 2-8 wks aft conception
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Amnion
Membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
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Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Least severe FAS disorder causing brain inj but w/normal physical growth& absence of facial abnormalities
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Age of Viability
Age @ which a fetus can survive if born early
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Teratogen
Any environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period
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Developmental Science
All changes we experience during our life span
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Microsystem
Bronfenbrenner's innermost level of environment that includes activities & interaction patterns in immediate surroundings
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Mesosystem
Bronfenbrenner's 2nd level of environment that encompasses connections between microsystems; home, school, neighborhood etc
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Describe Sociocultural Theory
The ways that culture of a social grp is transmitted fr generation to generation
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Independent Variable
One that an investigator expects to cause change in another variable
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Describe an Environmental Design
Design that permits inferences about cause & effect b/c researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign ppl 2 or more tx conds
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What is a structured observation?
One where an investigator sets up a lab situation to evoke certain behavior so each participant has = opportunity to display a response
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Describe a Naturalistic Observation.
Observing behavior of interest in the field or natural environment
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What is Bronfenbrenner's Macrosystem?
Outermost level of environment & includes culture, values, laws, customs & resources
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Describe Bronfenbrenner's exosystem.
These are social settings that dont contain children but affect childrens experiences in immediate settings
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What is plasticity?
Ability for development to be open to change in response to influential experiences
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What are contexts?
Unique combinations of environmental & personal circumstances resulting in different paths of change
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What is the fetus?
A prenatal organism fr 9th wk to end of pregnancy
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Describe implantation.
Time when blastocyst burrows deep into uterine lining
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Describe Partial Fetal Alcohol Sndrome.
FAS disorder characterized by facial abnormalities & brain inj caused by consumption of sm amts of alcohol during pregnancy
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What is the placenta?
Structure that separates mother's bloodstream fr that of fetus while permitting exchange of nutrients & waste
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What are trimesters?
3 equal periods in prenatal period
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The umbilical card is. . . .
The link between the prenatal organism & the placenta
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A dependent variable is one that . . . .
the investigator expects to be influenced by an independent variable
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Describe random assignment.
Unbiased procedure used to choose participants that increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across tx grp
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A longitudinal design is one that. . . .
participants are studied as they age & changes are noted
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Childhood development is an area devoted to what?
Understanding constancy & change fr conception thru adolescence
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Behavior Modification is described as what?
Procedures that combine conditioning & modeling t eliminate undesirable behaviors & increase desirable ones
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What is mutation?
A sudden permanent change to DNA
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Genetic counseling . . . .
Helps couples to assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a heredity disorder & choose the best course of action
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What are prenatal diagnostic methods?
Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems b/f birth
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What is coparenting?
Mutually supporting each others parenting behaviors
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What is Socioeconomic Status & 3 variables that determine it?
Combined factors that help determine social position & economic well being. Determined by (1) Yrs of education (2) job prestige & skill requirements (3) Income
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An extended family household is one that . . . .
parents & children live with one or more adult relatives
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What are fetal monitors?
Electronic instruments that track fetal HR during labor
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Describe induced labor.
Labor is started artificially by breaking the amnion & admin oxytocin to stim contractions
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What is a cesarian delivery?
Surgical birth of a child
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Describe Breech Position.
When a fetus is presenting with feet or buttocks 1st.
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What is a theory?
An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains & predicts behavior
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What are cohort effects?
A threat to accuracy in longitudinal findings caused by cultural/historical change
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Describe behaviorism.
Directly observable events - stimuli & responses
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What does Maturation refer to?
A genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth
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Erikson's psychosocial theory states that. . . .
In addition to mediating between Id impulses & superego demands, Ego makes positive contributions to development
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Freud's psychosexual Theory say that. . . .
The way parents manage their child's sexual & aggressive drives in 1st few yrs is crucial for healthy personality development
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The psychoanalytic perspective says that. . . .
Children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives & social expectations. How they resolved determines persons ability to learn, get along w/others & cope w/anxiety
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The social learning theory recognizes that . . .
Children acquire skills by modeling, observing & imitating others
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Information Processing is what?
A view of human mind that ses it as a symbol manipulating system through which info flows
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What is DNA?
The chem substance that makes up chromosomes
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A gene is . . . .
Segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome
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Gametes are what?
Sex cells - sperm & ovum
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Meiosis is the process of what?
Cell division that forms gametes or sex cells
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Resilience is described as what?
Ability to adapt effectively in face of threats to development
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What is mitosis?
Process of DNA duplicating itself
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A zygote is a . . . .
cell that results when a sperm & ovum unite
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Sex chromosomes are which ones?
The 23rd pair. Males = XY Females = XX
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A phenotypes is what?
A directly observable characteristic of an individual
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Kinship Studies are those that. . .
Compare characteristics of family members in order to obtain heritability estimates
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Public policies are . . .
Laws & govt programs designed to improve current conditions
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A stage is described as what?
qualitative changes in thinking, feeling & behaving that characterize specific periods of development
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An allele is . . . .
One gene fr mother & one fr father that occur on the same place on a chromosome
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Fraternal or dizygotic twins are described as what?
2 infants resulting fr the release & fertilization of 2 ova but are genetically NOT alike
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Homozygous occurs when?
Alleles fr both parents are alike & the child will display the inherited trait
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Heterozygous occurs when?
Alleles fr each parent are different
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Continuous development is described as what?
Process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with
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Identical or monozygotic twins occur when?
A zygote separates into 2 clusters of cells that develop into 2 individuals w/same genetic make up
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Autosomes are what?
23 matching pairs of chromosomes which geneticists number fr longest to shortest
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A genotype is what?
A complex blend of genetic info that determines our species & influences all our unique characteristics
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Chromosomes are . . . .
Rod like substances that store & transmit genetic info
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X-linked inheritance applies when?
A harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome. Males a more likely to be affected.
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Describe dominant - recessive inheritance.
Occurs when only 1 allele affects a childs characteristics
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A carrier is a . . . .
heterozygous individual w/1 recessive allele that they can pass on to their children
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Natural or prepared child birth is one that utilizes . . .
A grp of techniques aimed @ reducing pain & medical intervention & makes child birth as rewarding as possible
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The APGAR scale is a way of. . .
Assessing a newborn's condition quickly
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A transition in labor occurs when?
At climax of stage 1 when frequency & strength of contractions are @ their peak & cervix opens completely
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Discontinuous development is what?
Development process in which new ways of understanding & responding to the world emerge @ specific times
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A clinical interview is described as what?
A flexible, conversational style used to probe participants for their POV
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The clinical or case study method is described as a. . . .
Method for brining together a wide range of info on one child to include interviews, observation &/or test scores
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Cognitive - developmental theory says that. . . .
Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate & explore their worlds
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A sensitive period is one that is. . . .
Biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge b/c individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
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Developmental cognitive neuroscience is described as . . .
Info processing research that brings together researchers fr psychology, biology, neuroscience & medicine to study relationship between changes in brain & developing childs cognitive processing & behavior patterns
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Visual acuity is what?
Fineness of discrimination
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SIDS is described as the . . . .
Unexpected death of an infant <1 yr of age
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Rapid eye mvmt sleep is defined as?
Sleep state when brain wave activity is very similar to that of the waking state
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States of arousal are defined as?
Degrees of sleep or wakefulness
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A reflex is an . . . .
Inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation
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Bonding is the development of what?
Feelings of affection & concern for an infant
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Neonatal Mortality is the . . . .
Rate of death within the 1st month of life
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Nature vs nurture controversy is an age old argument that what?
Questions whether genetic or environmental factors are more important in influencing development
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Infant mortality is described as what?
Number of deaths in 1st year of life/1000 live births
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A small-for-date child is described as one that . . .
Is below expected weight considering length of pregnancy
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Anoxia defined as what?
Inadequate O2 supply
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