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nucleus
positevely charged center of an atom
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Atoms are____ and composed of____ __ ________.
the smallest unit of matter /nucleus and electron
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antioxidants are chemicals that
protect cells from damage from oxidation including the following vitamins: e,c,a, beta caratine, and selenium
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sources of pottasium:
potato, yogurt, tomato juice, halibut, orange juice, canteloupe, spinach, etc
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not enough vitamin c can cause
scurvy( most common vitamin deficient disease) >bleeding gums, loss of teeth, weakness
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functions of potassium
- -fluid and electolyte balance
- -muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses
- -helps maintain lower blood pressure
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functions of fluids
- fluids dissolve and transport substances
- fluids account for blood volume.
- fluids maintain body temperature
- fluids protect and lubricate body tissues
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water is an excellent solvent because it can
dissolve many different substances
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lean tissue is lost with____and therefore more_______
age/body fluid
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body fluid is composed of
sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus
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_____water is lost through the skin(sweat)or through the lungs during exhalation
Insensible
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consuming too much sodium can occur in patients with
conjustive heart failure or kidney disease and results in high blood volume, edema, and high blood pressure
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not consuming enough sodium can result in
- hypotremia(low blood sodium level)
- prolonged vomiting, diarhhea, or sweating
- seen in marothon runners who drink to much water
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potassium is critical to
regulate normal heart beat
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functions of sodium
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- associated w/blood pressure/water balance
- required for nerve impulse transmission
- 2300/1.5 grams required daily
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metabolic water is a product of many chemical reactions and contributes
10-14 % of bodys needs
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The_____control how much water is reabsorbed. Excess water is____.
absorbed/excreted
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Functions of water
- required for fluid and electrolyte balance
- maintain our bodys temperature
- accounts for most our body weight involved in all body processes
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the body fluid composition of tissue varies by:
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lean tissue is more than
70%fluid (10-20% fat)
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which gender haves more lean tissue and therefore morfe body fluid
males
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since water has a high capacity
the temperature of our body fluids remain quite stable
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increased blood volume can cause____
decreased blood volume can cause____
- HTT hypertension/
- low blood pressure
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blood volume is
the amount of fluid in the blood
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water follows the movement by_____to areas where______
- osmosis/the concentration of electrolytes is high.....
- This allows controlled movement of fluids
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electrolytes helps nerves
respond to stimuli
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low blood pressure can cause people to feel
tired, confused, and dizzy
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digestive secretions allow
for easy passage of material
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amniotic fluid protects____
synovial fluid is a lubricant around the _____
both of these________________.
- The fetus/
- around the joints
- as we age
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sweating release heat as the evaporation of
water, cooling our skin and body temperature
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___, _____, _____,& ____ can alter electrolyte balance
diareah, vomiting, conjustive heart failure, high sodium intake
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symtoms of heart stroke
rapid pulse, hot, dry skin high body temp, weakness
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heat stroke occurs if
the bodys temperature regulation mechanisms fail
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most likely to get dehydration
elderly and infants/prolonged diarreha, vomiting
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disorders related to fluid and electrolyte imbalance include
- dehydration
- heat stroke
- water intoxication
- hypertension
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sourses of phosphorus
cheese, yogurt,lentils, black beans, chicken (less likely deficient)
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functions of phosphorus
- required for fluid balance
- critical role in bone formation85% of bodys phosphorus is found in bone
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water lost from the body must be _____
water lost must be_____
water gained through_____
- replaced
- urine
- beverages, foods, metabolic water
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__-___% of healthy adults body is composed of fluid
50-70%
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about 2/3rds of the fluid in the body is within the body cells and is called___ ____\
the remaining 1/3rd is_______ ___
- intracellular fluid
- extracellular fluid
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movement na and k across the membranes of nerve cells changes the_________________
this change in elecrical carries the nerve impulse___________
- electrical charge across the membrane
- along the nerve cell
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normal blood pressure
120/80
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high sodium does not cause_______
but is a direct cause of _________ ______
- hypertension
- kidney disease
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hypertension also known as high blood pressure, can increase the risk of
developing a stroke (140/90/)
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How much chloride should be consumed
no dri has been set
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functions of chloride
- assist with maintaining fluid balance
- component of HCI in the stomach
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salt substitutes have added
pottasium
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not consuming enough potassium
- can occur when taking certain diuretuic medications
- seen in patients with kidney disease or diebetic acidosis
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if you consume too much potassium
you will alter your normal heart rythm
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the movement of calcium (ca2+ into a muscle cell___ ____ _____
the Ca2+ is pumped back out of the cell___ _____ ______
- stimulates the muscles to contract
- after the muscle contraction
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electrolytes signal our muscles to
contract
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too much vitamin c can cause iron toxicity in people with/
hemochromotosis (condition of having too much iron in the blood)
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mega doses of vitamin c can cause
nauseaa, diarreah, nosebleeds
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sources of vitamin c
red, peppers, strawberrys, brussel sprouts, etc. (heat destroys vitamin c)
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functions of vitamin c
- antioxidant, (smokers need more)
- synthesis of collagen, wound healing)prevents the disease of scurvy
- enhances the immune system
- enhances the absorbtion of iron
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if you dont consume enough vitamin e
- can result in fragile red blood cells
- (deficiencies are uncommon)
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consuming too much vitamine e
can interfere w/antiougalant meds blood thinners)
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functions of vitamin e
- primary role/antioxidant
- liked to other benefits
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hype about antioxidants
- vitamins donate their electrons to free radicals to stabalize them/
- minerals act w/complex enzyme systems to destroy free radicals
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disease linked to free radicals
cancer, heart disease, diabetes, athritis, cataracts, kidney disease, altzeimers, parkinsons
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free radicals cause damage to
- cell membranes
- low density lipoproteins(ldl)proteins in the cell, genetic material(DNA)
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free radicals are also produced by
- pollution
- ultraviolet light radiation
- toxic substances
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many metabolic processes involve oxidation reactions and
can produce free radicals
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free radicals are highly reactive and can cause damage to molecules in the
cell
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free radical
an atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired electron
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if you dont consume enough vitamin c
scurvy: bleeding gums, loss of teeth, weakness( most common deficiency disease)
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beta carotene is in the class of chemicals called
carotene (precursor of vitamin A)
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FUNCTIONS of beta carotene
- enhance the immune system
- protect the skin from damage by UV light
- protect the eyes from damage
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sources of beta carotene
fruits and vegetables that are red orange, yellow and deep green.
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If you consume to much beta carotene
- skin may turn yelllow or orange at high intakes wich is harmless and reversible
- (large quantities do not appear to be toxic)
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if you dont consume enough beta carotene
there are no known deficiency symptoms
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vitamin A is a _____ soluble vitamin
fat
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excess vitamin a is stored in the
liver, adipose tissue, kidneys, and lungs
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FUNCTIONS of vitamin A
- essential to proper vision
- antioxidant- protecting ldl cholesterol
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animal sources of vitamin A
liver, eggs
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plant sources of vitamin A
pro vitamin carotenoids, dRK GREEN, orange, and deep yellow fruits and vegetables
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If you consume too much vitamin A
- it can be highly toxic, exspecially from supplements
- birth defects and permanent damage to the liver and eyes can result
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if you dont consume enough vitamin A
- night blindness (most common)
- irrerversible blindness
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Selenium
a trace mineral found in a few amino acids in the body
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FUNCTIONS of selenium
- antioxidant properties
- production of thyroxine, a thyroide hormone
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sources of selenium
rich sources include organ meats, pork, seafood, nuts, wheat, rice (think protein)
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if you consume too much selenium
- keshan disease- a form of heart disease
- kashin beck disease- an arthritis
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cancer is a group of related diseases characterized by
cells growing out of control
-
cancer pathophycology( the three steps of tumor formation
- initiation
- promotion
- progression
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factors that increase cancer risks include
tobacco use, sun exposure, nutrition, environmental occupational exposure, low level physical activity, preventing oxidation damage to cells
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cardiovascular disease(CVD)
- the leading death in the united states and includes
- heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis
- can lead to heart attach or stroke
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risk factors for CVD include:
smoking, obesity, hypertension, high LDL levels, low hdl levels, inactivity, diabetes, aging, genetics
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antioxidant may reduce the risk of CVD by
- preventing oxidative damage to LDL
- acting as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots(vitamin e is an antiougalant)
- reducing low grade inflammation, anewly identified risk factor for CVD
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two aged related diseases that may be prevented by antioxidant in the diet are
macular degeneration and cataracts
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cataracts
damaged regions of the lens of the eye causing cloudy vision
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macular degeneration
detioratoion of the macula, the center of the retina/leading cause of blindness in adults over 55
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how many grams reccomended daily of sodium
less than 2.3, 1.5 required (2300 mg)
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