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Describe the major characteristics of the Kingdom Protista
- eukaryotic, unicellular organisms
- many have cell walls
- autotrophic or heterotrophic
- intracellular specialization (division of labor)
- simple reflexes : avoidance of light and certain chemicals
- found wherever life exists
- asexual reproduction and conjugation : binary fission
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Classify the Protista taxa:
- Phylum – Chlorophyta ex. Volvox
- Phylum – Retortamonada
- Class – Diplomonadea Ex. Giardia
- Phylum – Axostylata
- Class Parabasalea ex. Trichomonas
- Phylum – Euglenoidea
- Class – Euglenoidea Ex. Euglena
- Class – Trypanosomatidea Ex. Trypanosoma
- Phylum – Apicomplexa
- Class – Coccidea Ex. Plasmodium
- Phylum – Ciliophora Ex. Paramecium, Stentor, Vorticella
- Phylum – Dinoflagellata Ex. Zooxanthella, Ceratium, Noctiluca
- Amoebas
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Golgi Bodies:
Parabasalea
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Pellicle:
- Euglenoidea,
- Trypanosomatidea, Ciliophora
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Contractile Vacuoles:
Diplomonadea, Ciliophora, Amoebas
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Ectoplasm & Endoplasm:
Ciliophora, Amoebas
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Single Flagella:
Chlorophyta, Euglenoidea, Trypanosomatidea,
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Several Flaggela:
Parabasalea, Diplomonadea
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Unicellular & Multicellular:
Chlorophyta, Coccidea, Ciliophora
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Unicellular:
Diplomonadea, Parabasalea , Euglenoidea, Trypanosomatidea, Dinoflagellata, Amoebas
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Autotrophic & Heterotrophic:
Euglenoidea, Dinoflagellata
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Autotroph:
produce their own food (plant like)
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Heterotroph:
Do not produce their own food: 2 types
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Phagotroph (holozoic):
eat the whole thing at once. (holozoic) animal like
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Osmotroph (saprozoic):
digest food externally, then brings nutrients in using diffusion and osmosis (saprozoic) fungus like
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Phagosome:
a food vacuole
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Contractile Vacuole:
water excretion
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Advantages and Disanvantages of high surface area to volume ration
- Advantage: a high surface area to volume ration (SA/V) means a cell can more easily maintain itself, can grow larger and become more complex.
- Disadvantage: he danger of a high SA/V ratio is the substances dangerous to the cell can more easily get in
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Advantage and Disadvantage to asexual reproduction:
- Advantage: enable the organism to use its energy resources most effectively on reproduction
- Disadvantage: is the lack of genetic diversity, possibly leading to decreased fitness
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Advantage and Disadvantage to sexual reproduction:
- Advantage: the genetic diversity it produces and the resulting increase in fitness
- Disadvantage: the inefficient use of energy in seeking and competing for mates
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Binary Fission:
one individual splits into two
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Budding:
a tiny cell grows (buds) from the side of the parent
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Autogamy:
individual self fertilizes
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Schizogony:
one individual splits into many
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Syngamy:
fertilization of a gamete by another
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Conjugation:
- two individuals exchange genetic material.
- no new individuals produced, but two are changed genetically
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Trypanosoma:
Sleeping sickness
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Balantidium:
Colon Perforations
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Metazoa:
multicellular animals
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Eumetazoa:
metazoans with tissues
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Cell Aggregate:
metazoans with no tissues
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Syncytical Ciliate Hypothesis:
metazoans originated from ciliates
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Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis:
metazoans originated from colonial flagellates Polyphyletic Origin
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Hypothesis:
metazoans originated from several sources
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Describe the major characteristics of the Phylum Porifera
- Eukaryotic metazoans
- cell aggregates
- no true tissues or organs
- all aquatic, most marine
- asymmetrical
- body covered in pores
- made up of several types of independent cells
- skeleton of spicules, spongin and collagen
- all are sessile
- asexual and sexual reproduction
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Classify the Poriferan taxa:
- Class Calcarea Ex. Scycon
- Class Hexactinellida Ex. Euplectella
- Class Demospongiae Ex. Spongilla, Cliona
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List the three body forms of poriferans:
- Asconoid (leucosolenia)
- Syconoid (sycon)
- Leuconoid (euspongia)
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Calcarea:
- calcium carbonate spicules
- all asconoid forms
- some syconoid
- most are leuconoid
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Hexactinellida:
- silicon based spicules
- some are syconoid, other are leuconoid
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Demospongiae:
- skeleton mainly spongin, some w/ silicon spicules
- 95% of all extant sponges
- all leuconoid
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Gemmule:
internal buds formed during adverse conditions
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Monoecious:
both sexes in one individual (hermaphroditic)
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Dioecious:
separate sexes housed in different individuals
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Dipoblastic:
having two germ layers from which tissues and structures arise
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Ectoderm:
outer germ layer that gives rise to tissues and structures that cover the outside
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Endoderm:
inner germ later that gives rise to tissues and structures that cover the inside
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Mesoglea:
jelly-like substance found between that inner and outer layers
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Describe the major characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria
- eukaryotic eumetazoans
- diploblastic
- have true tissues, but no organs
- all are marine and carnivores
- radially symmetrical (no cephalization)
- polymorphie: two forms (polyp & medusa)
- cnidocytes: stinging cells
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Classify the Cniderian taxa:
- Class Hydrozoa: Ex. Physalia, Obelia, Hydra, Gonionemus
- Class Scyphozoa: Ex. Aurelia, Cassiopeia
- Class Cubozoa: Ex. Carybdea
- Class Anthozoa: Metridium, Gorgonia, Tubipora
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Class Hydrozoa:
most are marine and colonial form
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Class Scyphozoa:
- all are solitary
- polyp stage is much reduced or absent
- cup shaped
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Class Cubozoa:
- all are solitary
- polyp stage is much reduced
- cube shaped
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Class Anthozoa:
- Polyp form predominant, no medusa stage
- some are solitary, others are colonial
- many form zooxanthellae relationship with algae
- most ecologically important due to reef building
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Describe the major characteristics of the Phylum Ctenophora
- eukaryotic, eumetazoans
- diploblastic
- have true tissues, but no organs
- all are marine and carnivores
- biradially symmetrical (no cephalization)
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Classify the Ctenophora taxa:
- Class Tentaculata: Pleurobrachia Cestum Coeloplana Mnemiopsis
- Class Nuda: Beroe
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