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What model did Bernard Miege develop?
The publishing model: publishing, flow, and written press.
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What occurs in Miege's publishing model?
- 1. audiences purchase distinct works
- 2. thee media tend to be mainly financed through direct pay be audiences rather than advertisers
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What occurs in Miege's written press?
similar to publishing except the media produce a series of commodities purchased regularly (newspapers/mags) their financed differently because they keep making the same thing
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What occurs in Miege's flow model?
radio, television and new media produce a continuous flow requiring daily contact and the development of audience loyalty
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What are Financial Interest and Syndication rules?
precent networks from producing much of their own programming. only in effect 70-95
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If an industry is more consolidated...
then it has less competitors.
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What are publicly held companies?
Those that anyone can buy stock in and consequently have a responsibility to stockholders to protect their investment.
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what are privately held companies?
managed by a family and are not subject to the same disclosure rules.
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What are the four categories of costs?
- overhead
- planning
- production
- marketing and distribution
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What are overhead costs?
required to maintain the infrastructure of the industry. Could include salaries, real estate costs of studios,
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What are planning costs?
- acquiring creative goods (prototypes to sell)
- often risky, time and money commitments
- include scripts
- freelance or salary base
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what do production costs include?
all the salaries and costs involved in the actual making of a media product.
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what do marketing and distribution costs include?
- having films printed and shipped to theaters and CDs made and shipped to stores.
- also cover promotion of texts
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what is a loss leader?
- an activity or product of a media industry that is known to be unprofitable but that is advantageous to the industry in other ways.
- ex. video game hardware operators
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what is deficit financing?
TV-industry process whereby production studios lost money in making series during the first few years-even if their show is a hit. While it loses money making the show, however, the studio (which licenses rather than sells the show to a network) maintains a possibility of other revenue streams through secondary markets.
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What is cost plus?
system to finance TV programs in which a producer brings an idea to a network, and, if the network wants to develop the idea, the network pays the cost of production plus a fee or profit to the producer.
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What is Hollywood accounting?
term used to describe a manner of accounting for costs of production (mainly through overhead charges) that reduces the net profits of a media text to a loss in order to avoid payment of royalties or percentages of net profits.
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What are two versions of audience
- real: actual people who show up for film, subscribe to paper, by CD
- constructed: the audience imagined by creators and those throughout the industry while marketing media
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when was single sponsorship a norm?
- in early days of radio.
- common practice to advance corporate image
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