_____ is a condition in which people lose almost all output from the brain to both the muscles & the autonomic nervous system, although they continue to receive senstations while _____ is a condition in which the autonomic system fails to influence the body.
Locked-in syndrome; pure autonomic failure
According to Darwin, why did an "angry" facial expression first become associated with anger?
It is a habit; an angry facial expression usually helps prepare us to attack.
Criticisms of Schachter & Singer's findings were discussed in class. Which of the following accurately describes one of those criticisms?
There were no differences in self-reported emotion between the epinephrine and placebo groups.
As discussed in the book, Klaus Scherer & colleagues researched whether particular emotions accompany the same appraisals, or different ones, in 37 separate cultures. What did they find (Hint: Chapter 3 had 2 pages of graphs on this) ?
Many appraisal patterns are widely associated with the same emotion across cultures, with some exceptions such as the link of appraisals of fairness and morality with specific emotions.
Which of the following accurately represents the findings from studies discussed in class that examined children who were blind & deaf from birth?
These children show basic emotional expressions similar to those seen in sighted children.
Given that he was one of the 1st people to define emotion in motivational terms, ____ might be considered the father of _____.
Aristotle - functionalism
According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, would someone who is not Czech be able to experience "litost," a Czech word with no exact translation into any other language?
No, people can only have those experiences for which they have words.
Which of the following are accurate differences between the SNS & PNS nervous systems?
a. the SNS dilates pupils while the PNS constricts pupils
b. the SNS decreases saliva while the PNS increases saliva
c. the SNS tends to influence many organs at once while the PNS tends to influence only one organ at a time
all of the above
In a study by Maranon discussed in class, subjects were given shots of adrenaline & asked to describe the experience. The majority of the people siad it was "as if" they were experiencing an emotion like anxiety or anger. Cannon interpreted these results to mean:
Physiological arousal is not sufficient to create emotional experience.
In the book & lecture notes, a recent study (2005) was discussed by Adolph et. al. These researchers examined recognition of emotion in a patient who had bilateral amygdala damage. What did this study find?
The patient could only recognize the facial expression for fear when the patient focused on the eyes of the person making the facial expression.
In 1954, Ax ran an experiment where subjects were attached to a "shock machine." This machine was actually recording a number of physiological measures. The subjects were made to believe that an intense electrical shock was imminent because of an inept research assistant. After the threat was removed, while still attahed to the machine, subjects were treated rudely in an effort to anger them. The results showed that:
About half of the physiological measures differed btwn. the fear & anger conditions
Ledoux proposed that there are two pathways by which emotion (particularly fear) may be elicited. Which of the following is true of the "low road"?
It only provides crude information rather than detailed representations of the world.
Select the correct breakdown of the nervous system...
The nervous system consists of the central NS & the peripheral NS. The peripheral NS is further subdivided into the somatic NS & the autonomic NS; the autonomic NS, is further subdivided into the sympathetic NS & the parasympathetic NS.
The Harris theory of the Stage Fright Studies is that:
If the individual is nervous about the physical manifestations of nervousness then beta blockers are more likely to help
Which of the following is NOT an example of a simple phobia?
a. Fear of spiders
b. Fear of panic attacks
c. Fear of heights
d. Fear of closed spaces
e. Fear of birds
Fear of panic attacks.
Both ____ & ____ propose that different emotions are associated w/different patterns of autonomic arousal/unique body states.
Modern Centralists; James-Lange
Suppose you are engrossed in a phone conversation while walking across the street. You look up & see a car is heading straight for you. You immediately jump out of the way & your heart races & blood pressure increase. The perception of these changes in your body leads you to experience fear. This sequence of emotion is best described by which of the following theories?
James-Lange Theory
Which of the following is true regarding lie detection?
E. B and C only
Magna Arnold would disagree with which of the following statements?
a. Appraisal is always a conscious process.
b. Appraisal is a "sense" judgment.
c. Appraisal is an ongoing process.
d. Appraisal adds personal relevance to perception.
Appraisal is always a conscious process.
Ekman went to Paupa New Guinea in the 1960s & performed studies w/the local population on which facial expressions were associated with which emotional situations. What did they find?
There is general cross-cultural agreement on which emotions are associated with which facial expressions. Happiness is the more widely recognized emotion.
When Cornelius' dog, Bridget, was angry, she would bark and snarl at cars. However, when Cornelius yelled at her to stop, she would meekly turn to him & show behaviors that appeared to be the opposite of those of aggression. These latter behaviors would be an example of the principle of?
Antithesis
Based on lecture, the ____ plays an important role in coordinating emotional behaviors & the _____ serves as a central relay station for sensory information.
hypothalamus; thalamus
Anger may not always be thought of as one cohesive emotion - rather, it could be a compound of several different elements, such as furrowing the brow, compression of the lips, etc. each of which may mean something different. This view of anger is an illustration of which view of emotion according to the book?
Component Process Theory
Suppose you read about a randomized study in which researchers conditioned participants to experience fear to four objects (conditions): snake, gun, spider, and knife. Based on class discussion about fear and anxiety, which of the following best describes the expected results?
Participants in the snake and spider conditions will experience fear more quickly than participants in the gun and knife conditions.
Which of the following best represents the results of studies that examine emotion in people with spinal cord injury?
Although initial results suggested that spinal cord injury may dampen some experience of emotion, sudies with improved methodology indicate little difference between those with spinal cord injury and relevant controls.
An essential feature of ____ is an excessive worry about two or more life circumstances:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
For which types of subjects would Beta Blockers be effective in reducing feelings of anxiety?
E. None of the above
Which of the following is a basic tenet of the strong version of the Social Constructivist theory of emotion?
E. B and C only.
In regards to Ekman's Neuro-Cultural theory, Keltner & Haidt's "levels of analysis" conception, and Russell's model using emotional episodes, which of the following is false?
D. According to Keltner and Haidt, the dyadic and group levels are largely innate and universal.
In line with the contention that emotions have adaptive functions, there are some physiological findings (i.e. Schwartz et. al.) that are consistent with the hypothesis that the changes that accompany anger may function to ____ while the changes that accompany fear may function to ____?
reduce bleeding ; improve speed and endurance.
2 anxiety disorders/phobias are sometimes mistaken for one another because patients can become virtually housebound. One way to distinguish btwn these 2 is to ask patients the following question: "Would you leave your house and go out if you could be assured that you would not meet anyone while out?" Patients from one of the 2 groups, namely _____, usually answer ____ to this question.
Social phobia; yes
According to the video viewed in class on laughter, which of the following statements is true?
D. All of the above
Buss et al. (1992) did 3 studies comparing men's and women's responses to imagined sexual versus emotional infidelity, using S-R & physiological measures. Which of the following was NOT one of their findings?
D.
The Minnesota Twin Study found a high correlation in the happiness level of identical twins, even when they were raised apart (r~ = .5) They also found that happiness seems to be interactive. If they had found that happiness was additive, what correlation would we expect to see in fraternal twins given the .5 for identical twins?
r = .25
Based on nonverbal displays, which of the following emotions occurs later in development than the other emotions on the list?
B. Embarrassment
In an embarrassing situation, the embarrassed individual ________.
E. A & B only
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a fake smile?
A. Activation of the orbicularis oculi.
According to lecture, a "primitive form" of jealousy is characterized as _____, while the "elaborated form" of jealousy is characterized as _____.
D. All of the above.
Cameron's study of disabled individuals (including those who were born with disabilities and those who acquired disabilities) found that, compared with controls matched on sex, age & income, the disabled group reported that their lives were ______ difficult, and they reported that overall their life satisfaction was _______ than that of the non-disabled group (note: this was discussed in lecture but is not the lottery study)?
more; no different
Semin and Manstead (1982) conducted an experiment in which a man knocked down a large display of toilet paper. In the video, he either fixed the display, or left it to be fixed by someone else. Further, the man either showed embarrassment or not. Subjects rated the man's likeability for the four conditions in which of the following orders (ordered from most to least likeable)?
Sabini and colleagues conducted a study on 3 categories of situations that evoke embarrassment. What did they find?
People who were prone to experience embarrssment over one type of scenario (e.g. "Mistakes") were not particularly prone to embarrassment over other types of scenarios (e.g. "Center of Attention")
Overall, what is the general conclusion of the American Scientist jealousy article in your reader by Professor Harris?
While hypothetical forced-choice questions produced gender differences, there are not gender differences in responses to questions about jealousy over actual infidelity.
A _____ approach to jealousy would likely suggest that cognition is confined to detection of inidelity, and a _____ approach would likely suggest that the same jealousy mechanism is active across interpersonal contexts.
JSIM; Social-cognitive
Lewis et al. conducted a study in part of which children had red blush applied to their nose without their knowledge. When the child later looked in the mirror, they were interested in the reaction of the infant. What was the purpose of the red blush?
The experimenters were interested in determining if the child understood that the child he/she saw in the mirror was himself/herself.
Leary et al (1996) conducted a study in which subjects were either embarrassed or not (control), and if embarrassed, their ability to express their embarrassment was manipulated. Later, embarrassment was measured. For the embarrassing condition, subjects were allowed to wither express their emotion publicly, privately, or not at all. When embarrassment was measured at the end of the study, which of the following orders represents the degree of embarrassment experienced by each condition?
Control = Public < Private < No express
According to the Hart (1998) study discussed during the jealousy lecture in which children with no siblings watched their mother play with a book or a doll, at what age do we see hints of jealousy?
Children as young as 6 months of age show signs of jealousy, and they appear to be able to discriminate btwn their mother playing with a book or a doll.
Harris conducted a study, described in the article on ticklish laughter, in which participants believed they were being tickled by the experimenter, or by a machine-tickler. What best describes the findings?
On average, subjects reported that they experienced more intense tickling fron the "experimenter" than from the "machine."
Jealousy as a Specific Innate Module (JSIM) offers a unique view of the possible evolutionary risks faced by the different genders. According to JSIM, which of the following scenarios are men wired up to protect themselves from?
Expending their resources on raising another man's child.
When adults were asked to recall real incidents of infidelity, Harris found that _____ focused more on the emotional aspects of the incident relative to the sexual aspects.
men and women of both sexual orientations
Suppose that Jun Lee and Marc are participating in an experiment on what makes people happy. During the experiment, Jun Lee simply says, "More money." Marc states, "Close relationship with loved ones." According to your text, what questions were Jun Lee and Marc most likely asked and why?
Jun Lee was asked what would make her happier because when people typically answer that question they refer to things that could make them happy.
In the lecture on jealousy, Dr. Harris discussed evolutionary psychology and psychological mechanisms generally. Which of the following is NOT one of the points she made?
D. All of the above.
Which of the following was NOT a possible definition of jealousy discussed in class?
D. All of the above
In lecture and in one of her jealousy articles, Professor Harris offered some possible explanations for why the reasoning behind the Jealousy as a Specific Innate Module might be incorrect. Which of the following was one of her suggestions?
D. All of the above
Bobby is 7 yrs. old and two of his cousing are visiting for the holidays. His cousin Kendra is a baby and his cousin William is the same age as Bobby. According to the study by Masciuch & Kienapple that investigated the development of jealousy, what would we expect of Bobby if he saw his mother playing with each of his cousins?
It is likely that Bobby would exhibit greater jealousy when his mother was playing with William than with Kendra
In lecture, a study was discussed in which the happiness levels of lottery winners was compared to the happiness levels of individuals who had been in a major accident and became paraplegic or quadriplegic. What did this study find?
Lottery winners enjoyed mundane pleasures less after winning the lottery, and were no happier than individuals in the control group.
Happiness researchers have proposed a breakdwon of the factors that influence happiness. According to a diagram drawn in lecture, major life events (e.g. suffering a major accident), tend to account for about __ of variance among people on measures of happiness and life satisfaction, while genetics accounts for __ of the variance, and other factors account for __ of the variance.
10%, 50%, 40%
A video of an interview btwn. Prof. Harris and Alan Alda was shown in class. Which of the following best reflects Prof. Harris' view of the tickling phenomenon? (Also discussed in one of the articles)
The laughter produced by tickling is most likely due to a type of complex reflex or fixed-action pattern (e.g. it is analogous to reflexes such as tapping the knee which leads to kicking behavior or to the startle reflex.)
As discussed in lecture, Harris conducted a large-scale study investigating reasons that people may avoid seeking medical treatment. Which of the following was a finding of this study?
The most common reason subjects failed to seek treatment over embarrassment was because they were afraid that the symptoms they were having might be caused by something trivial.
Affect Infusion Model
Theory that people use their emotional state as information in reaching a decision about some target
beta-blocker
drug that temporarily disables the stress hormone system responsible for some types of emotional arousal
broaden-and-build model
theory that positive emotions lead to no specific behavior, but to an increased readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities
central route to persuasion
persuasion based on facts and logic.
depressive realism
tendency for people who are mildly depressed or pessimistic, or at least neutral, to be more realistic than highly optimistic people, to perceive themselves and their situation accurately, and, therefore, to make careful and correct decisions.
dysthymic
Being mildly depressed or having a mixture of happy and depressed characteristics
flashbulb memories
recollections of highly emotional events that are vivid and detailed with a clear, almost photographic quality
implicit attitude
an attitude that influences behavior even when we cannot or do not verbalize it
peripheral route to persuasion
persuasion based on superficial factors such as frequent repetition of a slogan or endorsements by celebrities
Barbara Fredrickson (2000)
proposed that positive emotions or affect should expand the focus of attention
-Broaden-and-Build model of positive emotions: positive emotions lead to no specific behavior, but to an increased readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities.
Emotional information activates the _____ ( part of the brain ).
amygdala
"Distal"
a term referring to stress as an indirect cause of illness
Homeostasis
refers to the tendency of many body variables to remain nearly constant over time
Allostasis
Refers to adaptive changes in the way the body regulates its levels of various chemicals & activities in the face of some threat or change in the environment.
Allostatic Load
The cost/damage from the body's prolonged response to stress.
HPA axis
Composed of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex.
Readies the body for vigorous action, similar to SNS, but it responds more slowly & lasts longer
Cortisol
often described as a "stress hormone" because of its close relationship w/the allostatic response to stress.
Adrenal gland hormone that enhances metabolism & increases the availability of fuels in the body
Resilience
The ability to withstand stress or recover from it quickly.
leukocytes
commonly known as white blood cells
A major part of the immune system.
The body has several types: B cells, T cells, & natural killer cells
B cells
A type of white blood cell
-matures mostly in bone marrow
-Contribute to immunity mainly by producing antibodies.
T cells
-Mature in the thymus gland
Natural killer cells
-Attack tumor cells & cells infected w/viruses
-Attack a wide variety of intruders.
Cytokines
Small proteins secreted by leukocytes & other cells in response to infection.
-directly attack intruder cells
-facilitate the production & activity of T cells
-Communicate w/the brain
Type A personality
Marked by competitiveness, impatience, and hostility
Antibody
A Y-shaped protein that attaches specifically to one kind of antigen
Antigen
Proteins on the surface of the cells
McEwen's definition of stress
An event(s) that is interpreted as threatening to an individual & which elicits physiological & behavioral responses
Selye's definition of stress
The nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
Emotion regulation
The strategies we use to control which emotions we have, when we have them, and how strongly we experience & express them.
Coping
Refers to the ways that people reduce negative emotion after a stressful event.
the "id"
fundamental drives & desires that humans cannot express in a civilized society
ego defense mechanisms
A series of psychological regulation strategies proposed by Freud that serves to resolve the tension btwn the id & the superego & keep disturbing wishes & desires hidden from consciousness.
James Gross (2002)
-The Process model of emotion regulation
The process model of emotion regulation
James Gross
A model that organizes emotion regulation strategies according to their place in the emotion process itself
Psychological Inoculation
Dealing with a stressor by exposing yourself to milder versions of the stressful events.
Cognitive Restructuring
Changing how one thinks about a major emotional issue or frequently occurring situation- a frequent goal in therapies for mood disorders such as depression & anxiety
-Prevent a negative emotion from being experienced at all, or at least reduce it
Catharsis
Freud
the "release" of strong emotions by experiencing & expressing them fully
Rumination
Thinking continuously about a problem for a long time, focusing on negative aspects of the situation instead of possible situations.
emotion-focused coping
Reducing negative emotions after they have already started
problem-focused coping
Controlling the situation we are in, either by choosing to be in one situation rather than another or by changing the situation
Plato
Dualist Approach
Ethical Soul
--emotion = negative/out of control
Earthly body
Aristotle
The Father of Functionalism
Empirical
verifiable/proveable by means of observation/experiment
Viscera
Internal organs of the body
James-Lange Theory
Physical arousal is essential to emotion
Stimulus --> physical arousal/changes --> Perception of changes = EMOTION
Patterns of arousal
CNS
Central Nervous System
--Brain & spinal cord
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic & Somatic
Autonomic Nervous system
Functions carried out automatically (Breathing, blood pressure)
Consists of Parasympathetic & Sympathetic
Parasympathetic Nervous system
Vegestative states (Digestion, conservation of energy)
Constricts pupil
Increases saliva
slows heart rate
Increases digestive functions of intestine & stomach
Tears
Tends to exert influence on target organs individually
Sympathetic Nervous System
Dilates pupil
Decreases saliva
Increases heart rate
Decreases digestive functions of intestine & stomach
